German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), also known as Chamomilla recutita, is a widely used herb in traditional and modern wellness practices. Here is an exhaustive overview suitable for a webpage on an aromatherapy herbalist wellness site.

Overview

German chamomile is a member of the Asteraceae family, closely related to daisies. It is native to Europe and Western Asia but is now cultivated worldwide. The plant is characterized by its white petals and yellow center, and it is renowned for its sweet, apple-like aroma.

Nutritional and Chemical Composition

The dried flowers of German chamomile are rich in various bioactive compounds:

• Flavonoids: Powerful antioxidants that help reduce inflammation and protect cells from damage.
• Terpenoids: Including chamazulene and bisabolol, which contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
• Coumarins: Known for their potential blood-thinning effects.

• Volatile Oils: These include components like alpha-bisabolol and matricin, which are used in aromatherapy and cosmetics.

   

Traditional Uses

German chamomile has been used for centuries in various traditional medicine systems:

• Digestive Health: Traditionally used to relieve digestive issues such as indigestion, gas, and colic.
• Relaxation and Sleep: Known for its calming effects, it is often used to reduce anxiety and promote sleep.
• Skin Conditions: Applied topically to treat skin irritations, eczema, and minor wounds.
• Menstrual Disorders: Used to alleviate menstrual cramps and discomfort.
• Inflammatory Conditions: Used for its anti-inflammatory properties to treat conditions like arthritis and rheumatic pain.

Applications

German chamomile is available in various forms, each suited to different uses:

• Herbal Tea: One of the most popular ways to consume chamomile, known for its calming effects and digestive benefits.
• Essential Oil: Used in aromatherapy for relaxation and stress relief. It is also a common ingredient in skincare products.
• Tinctures and Extracts: Used for more concentrated doses, often for specific therapeutic purposes.
• Topical Applications: Creams and ointments containing chamomile are used for skin conditions and inflammation.

Safety and Precautions

While German chamomile is generally considered safe, there are some precautions to be aware of:

• Allergic Reactions: May cause allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to plants in the Asteraceae family, such as ragweed and daisies.
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Limited information is available on safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding, so it is best to consult a healthcare provider.
• Medication Interactions: May interact with blood thinners and sedatives. It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional if you are taking medication.
• Hormone-sensitive Conditions: German chamomile may act like estrogen, so it should be avoided by individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions.

Conclusion

German chamomile is a versatile herb with a rich history in traditional medicine and modern wellness practices. Its calming and anti-inflammatory properties make it a valuable addition to herbal remedies and aromatherapy. 

It's important to note that while German chamomile is generally considered safe for most people, some individuals may experience allergic reactions. 

Pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family, should consult a healthcare professional before using German chamomile.

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/German Chamomile

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

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plant name

Mayweed or German chamomile , chamomile chamomile , wild chamomile , small chamomile , common chamomile , Chamomilla (homeopathic name)

International Latin denomination

Matricaria chamomilla L. syn. : Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert

botanical family

Asteraceae

Description and habitat

• Annual herbaceous plant from 20 to 50 cm, with very branched erect stems and leaves abundantly divided into fine strips, with a strong aromatic odor
• Inflorescences in heads, with hollow conical receptacle
• White ligulate flowers, tubular yellow in the center
• Ribbed yellowish achenes, slightly arched

History and tradition

• Grows in waste places
• Abundant in Central Europe and North Africa
• Called “ German chamomile ” because of the interest shown by the populations of the steppes of central Europe where it is abundant
• Its name comes from the Greek khamaimelon (creeping apple) because of the pleasant smell of green apple from its leaves and matrix (matrix) or matricaria (woman) because it is used during menstruation disorders and during childbirth.

Parts used

• Flowers (head), essential oil

Dosage forms available

• Whole plant tincture
• Dry extract
• Fluid extract
• Herbal teas
• Flower head essential oil

Usual dosages

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Essential oil (0.3 - 1.5% of the dry flower head) dark blue in color by a carbide, chamazulene which comes from a colorless proazulene : matricin , sesquiterpene lactone of the guaianolide type , purple red chamaviolin , spathulenol
  • EO of variable composition depending on climatic conditions ( bisabolol-oxide A content) [1]
• Sesquiterpene alcohol  : bisabolol ( levomenol ), bisabololoxides A, B, C
• Spironone dicycloethers formed by cyclization of polyins
• Lactones sesquiterpéniques : matricine, matricarine, désacétylmatricarine
• Flavonoids (more than 30 compounds): apigenin , glucoside of apigenol ( cosmosioside ), luteolol ( luteoloside ), quercetol ( quercimeritroside ), glycosides of chrysoeriol , of rutin , of hyperoside
• Coumarins  : umbelliferone ( hydroxy-7-coumarin ), herniarin (= methoxy-7-coumarin , its methyl ether), esculetol , scopoletol , isoscopoletol , cis-glucosyloxy-4-methoxy-cinnamic acid and trans-glucosyloxy-4-methoxy acid -cinnamic acid , anisic acid , caffeic acid , vanillic acid , syringic acid
• Mucilages (3 - 10 %)
• Fructane de type inuline, rhamnogalacturonane

Main components of buds or young shoots

Main components of essential oil

• Sesquiterpenes  : chamazulin (5%), beta-farnesene 20%, germacrene D , bicyclogermacrene
• Sesquiterpénols : alpha-bisabolol (8-15 %)
• Sesquiterpene oxides  : bisabololoxides A & B 35% ( alpha-bisabolone oxide , alpha-bisabolol A oxide and alpha-bisabolol B oxide )
• Lactones sesquiterpéniques
• Coumarines
• Monoterpenes  : limonene (traces)
• Polyacetylenic derivatives (chemotaxonomic characters of the family Asteraceae )
• Ethers : spiro-éther 5 % (dicyclo-éther)
• Four main chemotypes can be differentiated: type A (predominance of bisabololoxide A), type B ( bisabololoxide B), type C ( alpha-bisabolol ), type D ( alpha-bisabolol and bisabololoxides A and B in equivalent amounts) [2]
• Farnesene in some chemotypes [3]

Properties

Plant properties

• Anti-inflammatory [4] , antioxidant [5] , antimutagenic
• Hypocholesterolemic [6] and anti-phlogistic ( chamazulene , matricin and bisabolol ), powerful anti-pruritic
• Spasmolytic by inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase [7] ( bisabolol and dicycloether polyin are more active than papaverine )
• Flavonoids are anti -inflammatory and antispasmodic ( apigenin , luteolin )
• Analgesic [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12]
• Carminative, stomachic, choleretic
• Anti-ulcer [13] , gastro-protective against ulcers [14] , [15] , protection against gastric lesions induced by ethanol [16] and indomethacin [17] , inhibits urease production by Helicobacter pylori (oily maceration of flower heads) [18]
• Antidiarrheal [19]
• Anti-allergic (methanolic extract) [20] , antihistamine [21]
• Bactericidal, fungicidal ( spiro-ethers , alpha-bisabolol and coumarins )
• Hypnotic of modest activity [22]
• Anxiolytic [23] , [24] , affinity of aqueous extracts for central benzodiazepine receptors, apigenin is a competitive ligand of benzodiazepine receptors, without anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant effect
• Neuroprotective, the methanolic extract of Matricaria recutita L. shows protective activity against the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion process in rats [25]
• Anticancer, pro-apoptotic [26]
• Inhibition of the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, bradykinin, histamine, serotonin)
• Detoxification of bacterial toxins
• In local applications, bisabolol increases the transcutaneous passage of drugs with low absorption, it is anti-inflammatory like apigenin and luteolin which have the same activity as indomethacin

Bud properties

Properties of essential oil

• Stomachic
• Anti-inflammatory, antiedematous activity, analgesic, antihyperalgesic ( bisabolol oxide ) [27]
• Healing
• Anti-allergic [28] , [29]
  • Blue colored chamazulene is very anti-allergic
• Antispasmodic
• Psychostimulant [30]
• Antibacterial against Helicobacter pylori , inhibits urease production by Helicobacter pylori [31]
• Antiviral against Herpes virus , even on acyclovir-resistant viruses [32]
• Analgesic [33]
• Antiparasitic, anti-anisakiasis (zoonosis caused by ingestion of nematode larvae in raw seafood food products such as sushi, sashimi, etc.) which causes abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea [34]
• Azulenes stimulate liver regeneration [35]

Indications

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Inflammation and gastric ulcer, gastritis, intestinal spasms, decreases symptoms of dyspepsia [36]
• Spasmodic colopathies, enteritis, cramps, bloating
• Menstruation disorders, dysmenorrhea
• Sleep disorders, anxiety, mild nervous breakdowns
• Skin and mucosal inflammations, non-histamino-dependent pruritus
• Skin and stomatological infections
• Migraines locally, in decoction in sesame oil (Iranian folk medicine) [37]

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

• Dermatoses, infected wounds, eczema, ulcers
• Dyspepsia, peptic ulcers
• Amenorrhea & dysmenorrhea
• Cutaneous pruritus [38]

Known or suspected mode of action

• Inhibition of the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, bradykinin, histamine, serotonin)
• Affinity for central benzodiazepine receptors ( apigenin is a competitive ligand for benzodiazepine receptors)
• Chamazulene is anti -inflammatory, inhibits the formation of leukotriene B4, blocks the peroxidation of arachidonic acid, antioxidant, antibacterial; it is also anti-allergic
• Detoxification of bacterial toxins
• In local applications, bisabolol increases the transcutaneous passage of drugs with low absorption, it is anti-inflammatory like apigenin and luteolin which have the same activity as indomethacin
• Apigenin blocks a step in the estrogen production chain, both in cultured cancer cells and in other cell types where estrogen synthesis is usually very active
• Polyacetylenic derivatives are chemotaxonomic characters of the family Asteraceae

Usual formulations

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (capitulum)
• Activity recognized by the German Commission E

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• Herniarin ( coumarin ) could be allergenic
• Known hypersensitivity to Asteraceae
• Avoid infusion in direct eye bath, always on closed eye
• Potential herb interactions with warfarin [39]
• Possible drug interactions of the essential oil with drugs whose elimination pathway is mainly via cytochromes P450: chamazulene , cis-spiroether , trans-spiroether mostly inhibit the isoenzyme CYP1A2, to a lesser degree CYP3A4, chamazulene and alpha-bisabolol inhibit CYP2D6 [40]

Bibliographic references

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2. Go↑ Singh O, Khanam Z, Misra N, Srivastava MK. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacogn Rev. 2011 Jan;5(9):82-95. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.79103. PMID 22096322
3. Go↑ Dr. Györgyi Horváth, Prof. Dr. Péter Molnár, Dr. Tímea Bencsik. Pharmacognosy 2. UP MS Department of Pharmacognosy, 31/03/2014. (téléchargeable)
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Store in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep tightly closed, away from the reach of Children and pets.

Do not exceed the daily dose.

This product is not intended to prevent or cure any form of illness or disease.
 

If you are pregnant or nursing ; If you have a medical condition or are in the course of medical treatment ; If you are programmed for theater/operation in the near future, please consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product.

This product cannot replace a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.

This product has not been evaluated by the SAHPRA for its quality, safety or intended use.

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