Turmeric — and especially its most active compound, curcumin — have many potential health benefits.  

It's a good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Turmeric

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

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plant name

Turmeric ( Curry , Indian Saffron , Saffron Bourbon ), turmeric (English)

International Latin denomination

Curcuma longa L. = Curcuma domestica Val.

botanical family

Zingiberaceae

Description and habitat

• Erect herbaceous species 60 to 100 cm high with creeping rhizome
• Far East (India and Malaysia)
• Introduced in the West Indies and Reunion
• Aromatic rhizomatous strain of a beautiful golden yellow color in section

History and tradition

• Turmeric is a component of curry with chilli , nutmeg , ginger , fenugreek , etc.
• Malaysia 's Temoe-Lawaq is Curcuma xanthorriza Rosc.
• The zedoary is another species ( Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe), it grows in tropical and sub-tropical rainforests, its large leaves are alternate, its aerial stems erect, its fragrant flowers are yellow, its branched tuberous rhizome is of bright orange color inside, its smell is reminiscent of mango
• Turmeric is the subject, at the French Pharmacopoeia, of a new monograph from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The production of this monograph was undertaken within the framework of the cooperation agreement between the Afssaps and the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration. [1]
  • The text describes a test by thin layer chromatography which makes it possible to differentiate Curcuma longa from Curcuma xanthorrhiza . Two assay methods are included: a technique to determine the essential oil content , and a method by UV-visible spectrophotometry has been developed to assay derivatives of diccinnamoylmethane
• In India, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease among people aged 70 to 79 is 4.4 times lower than in the United States; the consumption of spices and in particular turmeric is thought to be the cause

Parts used

• Rhizome (Sedge of India or Arrow root) = Turmeric fingers
• rhizome essential oil

Dosage forms available

• Rhizome tincture
• Essential oil
• Rhizome powder
• Dry extract
• EPS
• Fresh turmeric juice

Usual dosages

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Saccharides and polysaccharides  : 45 to 55% starch and arabino-galactans ( ukonans )
• Curcuminoids (yellow dyes): curcumin , desmethoxycurcumin , bidesmethoxycurcumin , dihydrocurcumin (major active principles)
• HE with phellandrene , ginger , beta-curcumin and delta-curcumen , turmeric (60%), alpha-ar-turmerone and beta-ar-turmerone , curlone , atlantones
• Lignans , phenolic acids

Main components of buds or young shoots

Main components of essential oil

• Monocyclic sesquiterpenes: carbides ( zingiberene (25%), beta-curcumin and delta-curcumen ), ar-curcumen
• Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (ketones): turmerone (60%): ar-turmerone (or aromatic turmerone ), beta-tumerone , alpha-tumerone , curlone , atlantones
• Monoterpenes  : alpha-phellandrene
  • Curcuma xanthorriza Rosc. contains approximately 65% ​​alpha-curcumene

Properties

Plant properties

• Anti-inflammatory, activator of the nuclear transcription factor PPAR-γ which plays a role in certain inflammatory processes [2] , [3] , the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin has been demonstrated in models of acute and chronic inflammation, arthritis, granulomas [4] , various molecules involved in inflammation are inhibited by curcumin  : phospholipase, lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase 2, leukotrienes, thromboxane, prostaglandins, NO, collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 ), interferon-inducible protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-12 (IL-12) [5] , [6] , [7], with great job security
• Hepatoprotective [8] , prevents hepatocyte cytotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride [9] and paracetamol [10] by curcumin and turmerone
  • Prevents liver damage induced by methotrexate [11] and dimethylbenzanthracene [12]
  • Preventive against cirrhosis and hepatic fibrosis [13] , [14]
• Cholagogue effect [15]
• Curcumin protects the kidney against oxidative stress [16]
• Curcumin and its derivatives are antioxidants, free radical scavengers and hepatoprotectors [17]
• Anti-ulcer, cyto-protective (but ulcerogenic at high doses), anti-Helicobacter pylori [18] , cholagogue
• Curcumin would reduce relapses of ulcerative colitis [19]
• Indirect action on the adrenergic cortex, inhibition of cortisone metabolism in the liver, inhibition of interleukin and TNF production
• Immuno-modulating, immunostimulant [20] , inhibits HIV-1 integrase which catalyzes the interaction of the viral genome in the DNA of the infected cell [21]
• Hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic [22] , decreases intestinal absorption of cholesterol
• Antidiabetic [23] , improves endothelial dysfunction induced by diabetes [24] , improvement of lipid peroxidation especially with photo-irradiated curcumin [25]
• Curcumin inhibits platelet aggregation mediated by agonists such as PAF platelet-activating factor and arachidonic acid , it inhibits the synthesis of thromboxane A2 by platelets, without the involvement of protein kinase C [26]
• Emmenagogue, anthelmintic
• Protects against chronic anterior uveitis
• Anti-Alzheimer: would block the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein and destroy existing plaques [27] , improves behavior, quality of life and longevity in animal models [28]
• Neuroprotective [29] , curcumin potentiated by piperine protects against the neurotoxic influence of 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) [30] or quinolinic acid (inducing symptoms similar to those of Huntington's disease) [31]
• Reduction of oxidative stress, blocking the depletion of antioxidant molecules and enzymes in erythrocytes and liver, reduction of peroxidized lipids
• Anticancer potentials on ovarian cancer cells and lymphoma cells [32] , hepatocarcinoma cells [33] , colorectal cancer, increases body weight, decreases serum TNF-alpha, increases tumor cell apoptosis , increases the expression of the p53 molecule in tumor tissues [34]
• Curcumin is able to inhibit carcinogenesis at three stages: angiogenesis, tumor promotion and tumor growth [35]
• Chemoprotective against cancer chemotherapies, protective effect against cardiac, hepatic and renal toxicity of doxorubicin [36]
• Antioxidant, promotes cancer cell apoptosis, modulates proto-oncogene expression, anti-neoangiogenic
• In China, it would be given as a preventive measure to patients with a predisposition to cancer of the esophagus, with abnormal cells
• Inhibits the development of skin cancers [37]
• In contrast, even without curcumin , turmeric has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activities ( turmeric , turmeric , elemental , furanodene , curdione , bisacurone , cyclocurcumin , calebine A , germacrone ) and complex synergies are at work [ 38]
• Alpha-curcumene from Curcuma xanthorriza is hypotriglyceridemic
• The ethanolic extract of Curcuma aromatica has a repellent effect on various stinging insects, including Aedes aegypti [39] , [40]

Bud properties

Properties of essential oil

• EO obtained from fresh plants has a higher antioxidant potential than that obtained from dried rhizomes [41] ( alpha-turmerone , present at 20% in EO extracted from fresh plants, is only found in state in the EO extracted from the dried rhizome) [42]
• Antistatic [43]
• Hepatoprotection against galactosamine by sesquiterpenes [44]
• Ar-turmerone is neuroprotective [45]
• Anticancer in liver cancer

Indications

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Intermittent fevers, diarrhea
• Liver diseases, jaundice, hepatitis
• Urinary disorders and glomerulonephritis, renal protection
• Osteoarthritis, arthritis [46] , 500 mg of curcumin proves to be more effective than 50 mg of diclofenac in arthritis [47] , osteoarthritis of the knee [48]
• In knee osteoarthritis, 1500 mg/day of Curcuma domestica extract is as effective as 1200 mg/day of ibuprofen and induces fewer side effects (multicenter clinical study measuring the WOMAC Western Ontario index and McMaster Universities Osteoarthitis Index) [ 49]
• Hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular prevention [50]
• Prevention of cancers and lesions induced by cancer chemotherapy (oesophageal cancer)
• Prevention of relapses of ulcerative colitis, Charcot-Marie disease or Déjerine disease [51]
• Chronic anterior uveitis and AMD, curcumin protects cells of the retinal pigment epithelium against H2O2-induced oxidative damage [52] , it regulates the expression of biomarkers of cell proliferation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis retinal [53]
• Alzheimer's disease [54] , [55]
• Parkinson's disease ( curcumin ) [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66]
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (?) [67]
• Temoe-Lawaq Curcuma xanthorriza Rosc. is active against cellulite

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

Known or suspected mode of action

• Inhibition of lysosomal enzyme activity
• Action on prostaglandin synthesis
• Modulation of granulocyte response to inflammatory stimuli
• Limited bioavailability due to reduced intestinal absorption and rapid elimination kinetics, dosage is very important [68]

Usual formulations

• From 1 teaspoon to 3 tablespoons daily for an anti-inflammatory effect [6]
• Piperine from pepper increases absorption and bioavailability of curcumin [ 69] , they are synergistic in preventing senescence [70]
• The inclusion of piperine in formulations containing curcumin is highly recommended to inhibit curcumin glucuronidation [71].
  • Mix a full teaspoon of turmeric powder with one to two tablespoons of olive oil , grind a pinch of black pepper , to eat during the day on a food (pasta, rice, vegetables, or even in a salad)
• The ginger-turmeric mixture also seems to be synergistic [72] , Ayurvedic medicine has used a combination of black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.), long pepper ( Piper longum L.) and ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc .) Since ancient times to improve the effectiveness of certain remedies [73]

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (rhizome)

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• Apparently no serious side effects
  • Rare digestive disorders in high doses, risk of dry mouth, flatulence, heartburn, nausea and vomiting
  • Caution in case of gastric or duodenal ulcer
  • Contraindication in case of large cholelithiasis
  • Possible contact allergies [74]
• Pharmacokinetic interactions:
  • Few interactions with cytochromes P450 [75] , would inhibit CYP3A, CYP2C9, UGT, SULT [76] , [77]
  • Interactions with cancer drugs:
    • Combinations not recommended with certain chemotherapies (risk of partial inhibition of efficacy during treatments: Camptothecin (Campto®), doxorubicin (Adriamycine®), mechlorethamine and cyclophosphamide (Endoxan®), vincristine (Oncovin®)
    • Possible association with certain chemotherapies (experimental elements of synergy of action/potentiation of efficacy: Gemcitabine (Gemzar®), paclitaxel (Taxol®), docetaxel (Taxotère®) oxaliplatin (Eloxatine®) [78]
• Pharmacodynamic interactions:
  • Theory with anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Avoid association with anticoagulants, inhibition of platelet aggregation [79] by modulating the biosynthesis of eicosanoids ( curcumin ) [80] , mainly products based on pure curcumin , interaction with warfarin (Coumadin)

Bibliographic references

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