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Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Yarrow

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

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plant name

Yarrow or Mille-feuille , Carpenter 's grass , Cut grass , Bleeding nose , Eyebrow of Venus

• Yarrow (English)

International Latin denomination

Achillea millefolium L.

botanical family

Asteraceae

Description and habitat

• Cosmopolitan species, botanically very polymorphic, common throughout Europe, North Africa and North America, Asia, uncultivated and rocky terrain, up to 2500 m altitude
• Stems furrowed from 40 to 90 cm
• Very cut and hairy sessile leaves
• White or pink flowers grouped in flower heads themselves grouped in corymbs
• Fruit: whitish compressed achenes

History and tradition

• Said to have been used to heal the Achilles heel wound during the Trojan War, hence its name
• Use very similar to that of chamomile

Parts used

• flowering top
• Flowering top essential oil

Dosage forms available

• Whole plant tincture
• Fluid extract
• Essential oil

Usual dosages

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Sesquiterpene lactones ( guaianolides  ; germacranolides  ; eudesmanolides  ; seco-pseudoguaianolides  : achilline , achillicine , rupicolines A and B; achillifoline , millefine , dihydroparthenolide , bachanolide  ; tauremisine , dihydroreynosine  ; paulitine , isopaulitine , psilostachyine C
• Flavonoids ( flavones and flavonols ): apigenin and luteolin heterosides , rutin , vitexin , vicenin , orientin , isorientin , schaftoside and isoschaftoside , swertisine  ; casticine , artemetin , salvigenin , nepetine , cirsiliol
• Blue-colored essential oil with azulenes (synthesized by tetraploid plants 0.2 to 1%), monoterpenes , 1,8-cineole , ascaridol , sabinene , camphor , linalool and sometimes sesquiterpenes ( germacrene D , beta-caryophyllene ), alpha- pinene and beta-pinene , borneol , camphene , terpinene-4-ol , isoartemisiacetone , etc.
• Coumarins and phenolic acids
• Polyacetylene derivatives: ponticaepoxide , cis-matricariester and trans-matricariester
• Small amount of tannins
• Nitrogen compounds classified as alkaloids  : betaine , choline , stachydrine (= leonucardine ) and homostachydrine , achilleine (= betonicine ) [1]

Main components of buds or young shoots

Main components of essential oil

• Monoterpenes  : sabinene 10 to 15%, beta-pinene 10%, gamma-terpinene 5%, alpha-pinene , limonene , para-cymene , myrcene
• Main sesquiterpenes : beta-caryophyllene 15%, germacrene -D 5% (up to 65% [2] ), alpha-humulene , trans-beta-farnesene , alpha-farnesene
• Azulenes (0.2 to 1%) of blue color, synthesized by tetraploid plants (according to spp): guaiazulene 0.4%, chamazulene traces, alpha-bisabolol
• Monoterpenols  : terpinene-4-ol 3 %, borneol , alpha-terpinéol , linalol
• Ketones  : camphor 7%, thujone 8%, piperitone , isoartemisiacetone
• Monoterpene oxides  : 1,8-cineole 6%
• Péroxydes : ascaridol (traces)
  • Composition of the HE of the Achillea of ​​Liguria Achillea ligustica  :
    • Borneol (3.4-20.8%), sabinol (2.1-15.5%), trans-sabinyl acetate (0.9-17.6%), alpha-thujone (0.4-25.8%), sesquiterpenes ( viridiflorol ) (0.7-3.6%) [3] , santolina alcohol [4]

Properties

Plant properties

• Anti-inflammatory [5]  : so- called “aromatic bitter” sesquiterpene lactones ( guaianolides ) have anti-inflammatory effects, as well as flavonoids ( kaempferol , luteolin , apigenin ) [6] , antioxidant, usable in neurodegenerative diseases
• Choleretic and anti-hepatotoxic ( isorientin and schaftoside )
• Gastric prokinetics and antidyspeptic [7]
• The aqueous extract is anti-ulcerative, without toxicity [8] , by an antioxidant effect [9]
• Anti-inflammatory of the colon [10] and bile ducts, choleretic, antispasmodic of intestinal smooth muscles ( flavonoids  : quercetin , luteolin , apigenin ) [11] , [12] , inhibitory effect on muscarinic receptors [13] , inhibition of elastase [14] ( dicafeoylquinic acids )
• Analgesic [15]
• Hemostatic ( achillein ) [16]
• Reduction of vascular inflammation [17]
• Oral diuretic in rats by activation of bradykinin B2 receptors and cyclooxygenase activity [18]
• Anti-hypertensive ( artemetine ) [19]
• The hydro-alcoholic extract is anxiolytic [20]
• Antimutagenic [21]
• Neuroprotective ( flavonoids ) [22]
• Emmenagogue and clinically progestin effect, but contradictory effect in vitro [23]
• Decreases spermatogenesis in mice [24] , decreases fertility in male rats [25]
• Anti-pruritic and local softener
• Antibacterial and antifungal activity ( essential oil and flavones )
• Anti-tumor activity [26] , ( achimillic acid derivatives [27] , achillinine A ) [28] , opposes cancer cell proliferation in vitro [29]
• Usable in mucositis induced by chemotherapy [30]
• Anti-estrogen by apigenin ( flavonoid )
• Azulenes are not always found because there are many subspecies

Bud properties

Properties of essential oil

• Vulnerable
• Healing, hemostatic
• Anti-inflammatory
• Antioxidant, inhibition of oxidative stress [31]
• Cholagogue, choleretic, antispasmodic
• Hypo-allergenic
• Anti-bactérienne (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Acinetobacter lwoffii et Candida krusei) [32]
• Beware of ketones , do not use internally
  • Properties of the Ligurian Achilles Achillea ligustica All. : antimicrobial and antifungal activity ( Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Candida albicans , Common Penicillium , Fusarium oxysporum , Rizoctonia solani , Aspergillus flavus )

Indications

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Gastrointestinal disorders, intestinal spasms, bloating, cramps, slow digestion
• Dysmenorrhea [33] , effect comparable to commonly used analgesics (mefenamic acid)) [34] , [35] , long-lasting efficacy compared to chamomile [36]
  • A related species, Achillea willhemsii , has anti-prostaglandin properties [37] , [38]
• Functional colonopathy due to its antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle spasms (mainly)
• Muscle contractures (striated muscles)
• Decreases recurrences and EDSS score in patients with multiple sclerosis [39]
• External healing: burns, wounds, ulcers, hemorrhoids, leucorrhea, periodontal disease
• Epistaxis: place locally in the nostril a sheet compressed and rolled into a ball

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

• Cuts, wounds, acne, cracks, wrinkles, chapping, eczema
• Dysménorrhées, prostatitis
• Muscle cramps
• Bruises, hematomas, sprains
• Neuritis, neuralgia
• Chemotherapy-induced mucositis

Known or suspected mode of action

• Sesquiterpene lactones (which used to be called “aromatic bitters”) possess anti-inflammatory effects
• Apigenin ( flavonoid ) blocks a step in the estrogen production chain, both in cultured cancer cells and in other cell types where estrogen synthesis is usually very active

Usual formulations

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (flowering top)
• Activity recognized by the German Commission E

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• Possible allergic risks to Asteraceae such as Arnica , Chamomile , Marigold
• Anticholinergic effects seen at high doses [40]
• Pharmacokinetic interactions:
  • Not documented [41]
• Pharmacodynamic interactions:
  • Monitoring in case of co-administration of hormonal drugs in women ( apigenin may interfere with estrogen metabolism)
• The essential oil is neurotoxic and abortifacient in high doses .
  • Prohibited for pregnant women, breastfeeding women, children and subjects with epileptic tendencies

Bibliographic references

1. Go↑ H. Tunon: Alkaloids in Achillea millefolium L. - confusion in the literature. Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Sweden). Dept. of Phanerogamic Botany. Compositae newsletter, Vol. 32, july 1998 [1]
2. Go↑ A. Cristina Figueiredo, José G. Barroso, M. Salomé S. Pais, Johannes J. C. Scheffer. Composition of the Essential Oils from Leaves and Flowers of Achillea millefolium L. ssp. millefolium. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 1992 August, Volume 7, Issue 4, pages 219–222.
3. Go↑ Tuberoso CI, Kowalczyk A, Coroneo V, Russo MT, Dessì S, Cabras P. Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of the essential oil of Achillea ligustica all. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Dec 28;53(26):10148-53. PMID 16366708
4. Go↑ Badr Satrani, Mohamed Ghanmi, Abdellah Farah, Abderrahman Aafi, Hassan Fougrach, Brahim Bourkhiss, Dalila Bousta, Mohamed Talbi. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cladanthus mixtus. Bull. Soc. Pharma. Bordeaux, 2007, 146, 85-96 [2]
5. Go↑ Goldberg AS, Mueller EC, Eigen E, Desalva SJ. Isolation of the anti-inflammatory principles from Achillea millefolium (compositae). J Pharm Sci. 1969 Aug;58(8):938-41. [3]
6. Go↑ Ayoobi F, Shamsizadeh A, Fatemi I, Vakilian A, Allahtavakoli M, Hassanshahi G, Moghadam-Ahmadi A. Bio-effectiveness of the main flavonoids of Achillea millefolium in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders- a review. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2017 Jun;20(6):604-612. doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2017.8827. PMID 28868116
7. Go↑ Borrelli F, Romano B, Fasolino I, Tagliatatela-Scafati O, Aprea G, Capasso R, Capasso F, Coppola Bottazzi E, Izzo AA. Prokinetic effect of a standardized yarrow (Achillea millefolium) extract and its constituent choline: studies in the mouse and human stomach. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012 Feb;24(2):164-71, e90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01827.x. PMID 22151891
8. Go↑ Cavalcanti AM, Baggio CH, Freitas CS, Rieck L, de Sousa RS, Da Silva-Santos JE, Mesia-Vela S, Marques MC. Safety and antiulcer efficacy studies of Achillea millefolium L. after chronic treatment in Wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Sep 19;107(2):277-84. PMID 16647233
9. Go↑ Potrich FB, Allemand A, da Silva LM, Dos Santos AC, Baggio CH, Freitas CS, Mendes DA, Andre E, Werner MF, Marques MC. Antiulcerogenic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium L.: involvement of the antioxidant system. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Jul 6;130(1):85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.014. PMID 20420892
10. Go↑ Cho JY, Chang HJ, Lee SK, Kim HJ, Hwang JK, Chun HS. Amelioration of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by oral administration of beta-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene. Life Sci. 2007 Feb 13;80(10):932-9. PMID 17188718
11. Go↑ Lemmens-Gruber R, Marchart E, Rawnduzi P, Engel N, Benedek B, Kopp B. Investigation of the spasmolytic activity of the flavonoid fraction of Achillea millefolium s.l. on isolated guinea-pig ilea. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(8):582-8. PMID 17009839
12. Go↑ Moradi MT, Rafieian-Koupaei M, Imani-Rastabi R, Nasiri J, Shahrani M, Rabiei Z, Alibabaei Z. Antispasmodic effects of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) extract in the isolated ileum of rat. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013 Oct 3;10(6):499-503. eCollection 2013. PMID 24311877
13. Go↑ Feizpour A, Boskabady MH, Byrami G, Golamnezhad Z, Shafei MN. The effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium on muscarinic receptors of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle. Indian J Pharmacol. 2013 Jan-Feb;45(1):13-7. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.106428. PMID 23543621
14. Go↑ Benedek B, Kopp B. Achillea millefolium L. s.l. revisited: recent findings confirm the traditional use. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2007;157(13-14):312-4. PMID 17704978
15. Go↑ Pires JM, Mendes FR, Negri G, Duarte-Almeida JM, Carlini EA. Antinociceptive peripheral effect of Achillea millefolium L. and Artemisia vulgaris L.: both plants known popularly by brand names of analgesic drugs. Phytother Res. 2009 Feb;23(2):212-9. PMID 18844327
16. Go↑ F. M. Miller, Lee Ming Chow. Alkaloids of Achillea millefolium L. Isolation and Characterization of Achilleine. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1954, 76 (5), pp 1353–1354 [4]
17. Go↑ Dall'Acqua S, Bolego C, Cignarella A, Gaion RM, Innocenti G. Vasoprotective activity of standardized Achillea millefolium extract. Phytomedicine. 2011 Sep 15; 18 (12): 1031-6. doi: 10.1016 / j.phymed.2011.05.005. PMID 21684130
18. Go↑ de Souza P, Crestani S, da Silva Rde C, Gasparotto F, Kassuya CA, da Silva-Santos JE, Gasparotto A Jr. Involvement of bradykinin and prostaglandins in the diuretic effects of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Aug 26;149(1):157-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.015. PMID 23791807
19. Go↑ de Souza P, Gasparotto A Jr, Crestani S, Stefanello MÉ, Marques MC, da Silva-Santos JE, Kassuya CA. Hypotensive mechanism of the extracts and artemetin isolated from Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) in rats. Phytomedicine. 2011 Jul 15;18(10):819-25. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.02.005. PMID 21420289
20. Go↑ Baretta IP, Felizardo RA, Bimbato VF, dos Santos MG, Kassuya CA, Gasparotto Junior A, da Silva CR, de Oliveira SM, Ferreira J, Andreatini R. Anxiolytic-like effects of acute and chronic treatment with Achillea millefolium L. extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Mar 6;140(1):46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.047. PMID 22155391
21. Go↑ Düsman E, de Almeida IV, Coelho AC, Balbi TJ, Düsman Tonin LT, Vicentini VE. Antimutagenic Effect of Medicinal Plants Achillea millefolium and Bauhinia forficata In Vivo. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:893050. doi: 10.1155/2013/893050. PMID 24459532
22. Go↑ Ayoobi F, Shamsizadeh A, Fatemi I, Vakilian A, Allahtavakoli M, Hassanshahi G, Moghadam-Ahmadi A. Bio-effectiveness of the main flavonoids of Achillea millefolium in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders- a review. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2017 Jun;20(6):604-612. doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2017.8827. PMID 28868116
23. Go↑ Abdollahi M, Baharara J, Shahrokhabadi K, F. Bamoharram F, Saadatfar Z. The Effect of Green Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with the Achillea millefolium Extract on the Morphometric and Developmental Indices of Preantral Follicles in Immature NMRI Mice, Thrita. Online ahead of Print ; 9(2):e111340. doi: 10.5812/thrita.111340.
24. Go↑ Montanari, T., de Carvalho, J. E., & Dolder, H. (1998). Antispermatogenic effect of Achillea millefolium L. in mice. Contraception, 58(5), 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00107-3. PMID 9883387
25. Go↑ Takzare N, Hosseini MJ, Hamideh Mortazavi S, Safaie S, Moradi R. The effect of Achillea millefolium extract on spermatogenesis of male Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011 Apr;30(4):328-34. doi: 10.1177/0960327110372401. PMID 20515984
26. Go↑ Ali SI, Gopalakrishnan B, Venkatesalu V. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Achillea millefolium L.: A Review. Phytother Res. 2017 Aug;31(8):1140-1161. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5840. PMID 28618131
27. Go↑ Tozyo T, Yoshimura Y, Sakurai K, Uchida N, Takeda Y, Nakai H, Ishii H. Novel antitumor sesquiterpenoids in Achillea millefolium. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1994 May;42(5):1096-100. PMID 8069962
28. Go↑ Li Y, Zhang ML, Cong B, Wang SM, Dong M, Sauriol F, Huo CH, Shi QW, Gu YC, Kiyota H. Achillinin A, a cytotoxic guaianolide from the flower of Yarrow, Achillea millefolium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2011;75(8):1554-6. Epub 2011 Aug 7. PMID 21821943
29. Go↑ Csupor-Löffler B, Hajdú Z, Zupkó I, Réthy B, Falkay G, Forgo P, Hohmann J. Antiproliferative effect of flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids from Achillea millefolium s.l. on cultured human tumour cell lines. Phytother Res. 2009 May;23(5):672-6. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2697. PMID 19107850
30. Go↑ Miranzadeh S, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Soleymanpoor L, Ehsani M. Effect of adding the herb Achillea millefolium on mouthwash on chemotherapy induced oral mucositis in cancer patients: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2015 Feb 6. pii: S1462-3889(14)00199-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2014.10.019. PMID 25667123
31. Go↑ Chou ST, Peng HY, Hsu JC, Lin CC, Shih Y. Achillea millefolium L. essential oil inhibits LPS-induced oxidative stress and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Jun 24;14(7):12978-93. doi: 10.3390/ijms140712978. PMID 23797659
32. Go↑ Candan F, Unlu M, Tepe B et all. Antioxydant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium Afan. (Asteraceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2003. 87:215-220. PMID 12860311
33. Go↑ Jenabi E, Fereidoony B. Effect of Achillea Millefolium on Relief of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2015 Oct;28(5):402-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.12.008. PMID 26238568.
34. Go↑ Ebrahimi Varzaneh, F., Nahidi, F., Mojab, F., Pourhoseingholi, M. A., & Panahi, Z. (2017). The effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Achillea Millefolium capsule on duration and severity of primary dysmenorrhea pain. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 20(3), 48-86.
35. Go↑ Bahmani, M., Eftekhari, Z., Jelodari, M., Saki, K., Abdollahi, R., Majlesi, M., ... & Rasouli, S. (2015). Effect of Iranian herbal medicines in dysmenorrhea phytotherapy. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, (2), 519-526.
36. Go↑ Radfar, Shiva & Shahoei, Roonak & Noori, Bijan & Jalilian, Fereshteh & hashemi nasab, leila. (2019). Comparative Study on the Effect of Matricaria chamomile and Achillea millefolium Capsules on Primary Dysmenorrhea Intensity of Dormitory Students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 2018. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 1-7. 10.9734/jpri/2018/v25i330101.
37. Go↑ Satarzadeh N, Nazemie H, Maleki N, Hashemi M. Effect of Achillea willhemsii on menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea. Tabriz Nurs. Midwif. J. . 2009;12:4–10.
38. Go↑ Mirabi, P., Alamolhoda, S. H., Esmaeilzadeh, S., & Mojab, F. (2014). Effect of medicinal herbs on primary dysmenorrhoea-a systematic review. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR, 13(3), 757. PMID 25276177
39. Go↑ Ayoobi, F., Moghadam-Ahmadi, A., Amiri, H., Vakilian, A., Heidari, M., Farahmand, H., Fathollahi, M. S., Fatemi, I., Shafiei, S. A., Alahtavakoli, M., & Shamsizadeh, A. (2019). Achillea millefolium is beneficial as an add-on therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 52, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.017. PMID 30599916
40. Go↑ Doğan, N. Ö., Çevik, Y., & Günaydın, G. P. (2013). An unexpected anticholinergic effect due to yarrow (Achillea millefolium). Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports, 4(3), 89-91.
41. Go↑ EMA, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. Assessment report on Achillea millefolium L., flos. (HMPC) EMA/HMPC/149343/2010, 12 July 2011 [5]

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Store in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep tightly closed, away from the reach of Children and pets.

Do not exceed the daily dose.

This product is not intended to prevent or cure any form of illness or disease.
 

If you are pregnant or nursing ; If you have a medical condition or are in the course of medical treatment ; If you are programmed for theater/operation in the near future, please consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product.

This product cannot replace a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.

This product has not been evaluated by the SAHPRA for its quality, safety or intended use.