Jasmine

Jasminum

Area of origin: Eurasia, Australasia and Oceania

Certification:

Organic EU; Organic NOP/COR; SAGAP; HACCP

Jasmines are the flowers of the Jasminum vine, in the olive, Oleaceae family. Jasmin vines are native to warm and tropical regions and are characterised by their flowers and aroma. Jasmine flowers are used in religious ceremonies and festivals in various societies due to the cultural significance of the flower. Jasmines are most commonly harvested for use in the cosmetic and perfume industries, but are also used to produce jasmine tea, herbal tea and tea blends.

May help with

• Stimulant (caffeine)
• anti inflammatory
• anti aging
• antioxidant
• antimicrobial
• heart protection
• neuroprotective
• improve insulin sensitivity
• anti diabetic

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/ThEier

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

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plant name

Tea tree, Tea

International Latin denomination

Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze = Camellia thea Link = Thea sinensis (L.) Kuntze

botanical family

Theaceae

Description and habitat

• Evergreen shrub, up to 15 m tall, kept small by cultivation to facilitate harvesting
• Native to China (eastern Yunnan) and northern India
• Numerous ramifications, the old leaf is glabrous, the young shoots are covered with down (hence the name “pekoë” = hair in Chinese), harvested manually above the petiolar narrowing

History and tradition

• Plant known for more than 5000 years in China
• The tea ceremony was born in Japan in the 16th century, the Jesuits brought it back to France in the 17th century, it is the most consumed drink in the world apart from water.
  • Black tea is obtained by storing fresh leaves until they wither, then they are rolled, bringing the juices into contact with the enzymes causing fermentation to begin, the catechins are transformed into phlobaphenes by oxidases, the aromatic principles develop, the leaves are then roasted and dried
  • For green tea, fermentation does not take place, the enzymes are inactivated by pressurized steam, then dried
  • Oolong tea is semi-fermented

Parts used

• Leaf
• The leaf can undergo a more or less thorough fermentation to give different qualities:
  • Green tea (unfermented); red (semi-fermented) or black (fermented) tea

Dosage forms available

• Thea sinensis tincture
• Infusette or sachet-dose for infusion
• Fluid extract and dry extract

Usual dosages

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Methylxanthines linked to tannins  : caffeine [1] (= theine ) up to 4%, theobromine , theophylline , adenine , xanthine
• Polyphenols  :
  • Proanthocyanidins
  • Catechic tannins (10 to 20%)
  • Catechins ( epicatechin , epicatechin gallate , gallocatechin gallate , epigallocatechin , epigallocatechin gallate ), yellow ( theaflavin ) and red ( theaflagallin ) flavonic dimers
  • Flavan-3-ols specific to oolong tea: oolonghomobisflavans A and B
  • Phenolic acids , gallic acid and chlorogenic acid
• Flavonoids  : apigenin derivatives ( isoschaftoside and vicenin-3 ), quercetin ( quercetol )
• Triterpene saponins
• Amino acid with a structure close to that of glutamic acid  : l-theanine ( green tea )
• Essential oil with aldehydes and monoterpenols

Main components of buds or young shoots

Main components of essential oil

Properties

Plant properties

• Stimulating effect thanks to caffeine
• Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-aging
• Antimicrobial [2] , [3] ( Staphylococcus epidermidis , Micrococcus luteus , Brevibacterium linens , Pseudomonas fluorescens , Bacillus subtilis , antibacterial against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' by production of beta-lactamase [4]
• Apigenin derivatives ( isoschaftoside and vicenin-3 ) are lipoxygenase inhibitors
• Polyphenols are antioxidants and free radical scavengers
• Catechins protect DNA and amino acids from nitrative stress (preferably in green tea ), reduce total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol [5]
• Flavonoids ( quercetin ) inhibit LDL oxidation, which induces atherogenesis
• Tea consumption is associated with a reduction in heart attacks, and a reduction in the risk of cancer, cognitive decline and dementia, an improvement in bone density
• Neuroprotective [6]
• Anticholinesterase activity [7]
• The astringency of tannins induces a decrease in the absorption and bioavailability of certain drugs ( alkaloids , neuroleptics and antidepressants)
• Antimicrobial activity and synergy with penicillins
• L-theanine easily crosses the blood-brain barrier, increases brain levels of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, increases brain levels of dopamine and serotonin
• L-theanine protects the brain from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, which causes neurodegenerative diseases. It significantly reduces the mental, physical and social symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome. It normalizes blood pressure. It helps to temper the irritating effects of caffeine
• Tea consumption increases telomere length and improves longevity [8]
• Ingestion of green tea improves insulin sensitivity [9] , decreases glycated hemoglobin [10] , increases expression of glucose transporters GLUT-IV [11] , improves glucose tolerance [12 ] and decreases the incidence of diabetes [13]
• The consumption of tea rich in catechins combats insulin resistance in overweight patients with metabolic syndrome, acts on the distribution of body fat [14] and, by increasing the combustion of lipids, participates in weight regulation. This is shown by the results presented at the Inra symposium "Catechins and diet: from sensorial aspects to nutrition" held in Paris on January 23, 2008. " Catechins increase thermogenesis, improve insulin function and reduce the 'intra-abdominal obesity'
• Fermented tea acts favorably on hepatic steatosis in rats [15]
• Anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activity [16]
• Coffee and tea are the main sources of antioxidants in France, in the form of polyphenols which contribute to 48.5% of total antioxidant intake
  • The main sources of polyphenols for the French are coffee (36.9%), tea (33.6%), chocolate (10.4%) and fruits and vegetables (7.4%), before red wine (7.2%). Total intakes are 835 mg/d and increase with age (except after 55 years old) source: NutriNet-Santé [2]

Bud properties

Properties of essential oil

Directions

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Primarily pleasure drink
• A 200 ml cup of tea provides an average of 135 mg of flavonoids
• Recommended in diabetes
• Obesity [17]
• Alzheimer's disease (?) [18]
• Considerable reduction by the green tea nutrition of rats with cancerous nodules in a few months (the monomer molecules of green tea are the most active, not those of fermented black tea which contains polymerized molecules)
• Green tea is rich in catechins , black tea especially in theaflavins and thearubigins ( polymerized catechins ), but both are rich in theanine

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

Known or suspected mode of action

• Apigenin ( flavonoid ) blocks a step in the estrogen manufacturing chain
• Isoschaftoside and vicenin-3 (derivatives of apigenin ) are lipoxygenase inhibitors

Usual formulations

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (sheet)

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• Decreased absorption and bioavailability of certain drugs ( alkaloids , neuroleptics and antidepressants) by tannins
• Green tea has been identified as a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 metabolism, followed by Agaricus , Viscum , noni juice , but the risks of clinically relevant systemic or intestinal interactions are considered unlikely with these plants (apart from products containing of concentrated green tea), seaweed extracts and garlic are classified as non-inhibitors [19]
• In humans, tea infusion inhibits iron absorption.
  • The inhibition of non-heme iron absorption is 30% with green tea and varies from 36 to 61% with black tea. The iron absorption inhibiting effect of tea is attributed to the insoluble tannin-iron complex that forms in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.

Bibliographic references

1. Go↑ Naoko Fujimori, Hiroshi Ashihara. Biosynthesis of Caffeine in Flower Buds of Camellia sinensis. Ann Bot (1993) 71 (3): 279-284 doi:10.1006/anbo.1993.1034 full text
2. Go↑ JM Hamilton-Miller. Antimicrobial properties of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 1995 November; 39(11): 2375–2377. PMCID: PMC162950 full text
3. Go↑ Sharma A, Gupta S, Sarethy IP, Dang S, Gabrani R. Green tea extract: possible mechanism and antibacterial activity on skin pathogens. Food Chem. 2012 Nov 15;135(2):672-5. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.143. PMID 22868144
4. Go↑ Aqil F, Khan MS, Owais M, Ahmad I. Effect of certain bioactive plant extracts on clinical isolates of beta-lactamase producing methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Basic Microbiol. 2005;45(2):106-14. PMID 15812867
5. Go↑ Kim A, Chiu A, Barone MK, Avino D, Wang F, Coleman CI, Phung OJ. Green tea catechins decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011 Nov;111(11):1720-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.009. PMID 22027055
6. Go↑ Mandel S, Youdim MB. Catechin polyphenols: neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Aug 1;37(3):304-17. PMID 15223064
7. Go↑ Jazayeri SB, Amanlou A, Ghanadian N, Pasalar P, Amanlou M. A preliminary investigation of anticholinesterase activity of some Iranian medicinal plants commonly used in traditional medicine. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014;22(1):17. doi:10.1186/2008-2231-22-17. Full Text
8. Go↑ Chan R et al. Chinese tea consumption is associated with longer telomere length in elderly Chinese men. Br J Nutr 2010; 103: 107-13
9. Go↑ Fukino Y, Shimbo M, Aoki N, Okubo T, Iso H. Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea consumption on insulin resistance and inflammation markers. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2005 Oct;51(5):335-42. PMID 16392704
10. Go↑ Fukino Y, Ikeda A, Maruyama K, Aoki N, Okubo T, Iso H. Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea-extract powder supplementation on glucose abnormalities. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;62(8):953-60. PMID 17554248
11. Go↑ Wu LY, Juan CC, Hwang LS, Hsu YP, Ho PH, Ho LT. Green tea supplementation improves insulin resistance and increases glucose transporter IV content in a fructose-fed rat model. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Apr;43(2):116-24. PMID 15083319
12. Go↑ Tsuneki, Mitsuyo Ishizuka, Miki Terasawa, Jin-Bin Wu, Toshiyasu Sasaoka, Ikuko Kimura. Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans. Hiroshi. BMC Pharmacology 2004, 4:18 doi:10.1186/1471-2210-4-18 [1]
13. Go↑ Iso H, Date C, Wakai K, Fukui M, Tamakoshi A; JACC Study Group. The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Apr 18;144(8):554-62. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Apr 18;144(8):554-62. PMID 16618952
14. Go↑ Cao H, Hininger-Favier I, Kelly MA, Benaraba R, Dawson HD, Coves S, Roussel AM, Anderson RA. Green tea polyphenol extract regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose uptake and insulin signaling in rats fed a high fructose diet. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jul 25;55(15):6372-8. PMID 17616136
15. Go↑ Zhou J, Zhang L, Zhang J, Wan X. Aqueous extract of post-fermented tea reverts the hepatic steatosis of hyperlipidemia rat by regulating the lipogenic genes expression and hepatic fatty acid composition. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014, 14:263 (23 July 2014) Full text abstract
16. Go↑ Thring TS, Hili P, Naughton DP. Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and anti-oxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009 Aug 4;9:27. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-9-27. PubMed PMID 19653897
17. Go↑ AG Dulloo, J Seydoux, L Girardier, P Chantre, J Vandermander. Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. International Journal of Obesity (2000) 24, 252±258. Full Text
18. Go↑ Parmar Namita, Rawat Mukesh, Kumar J. Vijay. Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea): A Review. Global Journal of Pharmacology 6 (2): 52-59, 2012 ISSN 1992-0075 full text
19. Go↑ Engdal S, Nilsen OG. In vitro inhibition of CYP3A4 by herbal remedies frequently used by cancer patients. Phytother Res. 2009 Jul;23(7):906-12. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2750. PMID 19170155

• Lehnert M, Lind H, Zhong Z, Schoonhoven R, Marzi I, Lemasters JJ. Polyphenols of Camellia sinenesis decrease mortality, hepatic injury and generation of cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species after hemorrhage/resuscitation in rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2010, 10:46 (24 August 2010) [3]
• Tinahones FJ, Rubio MA, Garrido-Sánchez L, Ruiz C, Gordillo E, Cabrerizo L, Cardona F. Green tea reduces LDL oxidability and improves vascular function. Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Apr;27(2):209-13. PMID 18689551
• Muller J, Pfaffl MW. Synergetic downregulation of 67 kDa laminin receptor by the green tea (Camellia sinensis) secondary plant compound epigallocatechin gallate: a new gateway in metastasis prevention? BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:258 (18 December 2012) Abstract Provisional PDF
• Afsana K, Shiga K, Ishizuka S, Hara H., Reducing effect of ingesting tannic acid on the absorption of iron, but not of zinc, copper and manganese by rats, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004 Mar; 68(3):584-92.
• Disler PB, Lynch SR, Charlton RW, Torrance JD, Bothwell TH, Walker RB, Mayet F., The effect of tea on iron absorption, Gut. 1975 Mar; 16(3):193-200.
• Fairweather-Tait SJ, Piper Z, Fatemi SJ, Moore GR., The effect of tea on iron and aluminum metabolism in the rat, Br J Nutr. 1991 Jan; 65(1):61-8.
• Hamdaoui MH, Chahed A, Ellouze-Chabchoub S, Marouani N, Ben Abid Z, Hédhili A., Effect of green tea decoction on long-term iron, zinc and selenium status of rats, Ann Nutr Metab. 2005 Mar-Apr; 49(2):118-24.
• Hogenkamp PS, Jerling JC, Hoekstra T, Melse-Boonstra A, MacIntyre UE., Association between consumption of black tea and iron status in adult Africans in the North West Province: the THUSA study, Br J Nutr. 2008 Aug; 100(2):430-7.
• Neeraj Kumar Sharma, Dheeraj Ahirwar, Deenanath Jhade, Vibhor K. Jain. In vitro anti-obesity assay of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of camellia sinensis leaves. IJPSR (2012), Vol. 3, Issue 06, 1863-1866

As always with natural products you need to test for personal allergies and be cautious during pregnancy, nursing or taking medication. Please check with your health practitioner