May help with

• sedative
• anxiolytic
• antispasmodic
• anti depressant
• neuropathic pain
• anti addictive

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Passion Flower

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

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plant name

Passionflower, passion flower

International Latin denomination

Passiflora incarnata L.

botanical family

Passifloraceae

Description and habitat

• Climbing plant with a woody stem native to the southern United States and Mexico
• Cultivated in the United States, in the South of France, in Brittany and in Anjou
• Alternate leaves deeply divided into three acute lobes of which the median is the most developed
• The drug can be falsified by the leafy stems of Passiflora edulis (which gives passion fruit), almost inactive [1] or ornamental Passiflora coerulea which has five-lobed leaves

History and tradition

• Passionflower was known to the Aztecs
• It was called " Passion flower " by the missionaries because each of the organs of the plant recalled the instruments of the Passion of Christ:
  • Three-pointed flowers: the spear
  • The tendrils: the whip
  • The three styles of the plant: nails
  • The stigmata: the sponge
• While the colors (white and bluish purple) recall purity and paradise

Parts used

• Dried aerial parts which may contain flowers and/or fruits

Dosage forms available

• Mother tincture of aerial parts
• EPS
• micronized powder
• Fluid extract
• Dry extract ( nebulisate ), Elusane®
• Infusion

Usual dosages

• 300 to 400 mg of dry extract per day (or equivalents)

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Indole alkaloids (0.03%) = beta-carbolines ( harmal , harmol , harmine ), extremely minor constituents [2]
• Pyrone : maltol (0,05%) [3]
• Flavor heterosides ( 5,7-dihydroxyflavone , shaftoside , isoshaftoside , vitexine , iso-vitexine , iso -orientine , vicénine-2 , lucénine-2 )
• Flavonoids ( kaempferol , quercetin , chrysin , apigenin , luteolol )
• Acids phenols , coumarins , phytosterols
• Glucosides cyanogénétiques (gynocardine)

Main components of buds or young shoots

Main components of essential oil

Properties

Plant properties

• Sedative and anxiolytic [4] , [5] , [6] by the synergy of all the components [7] , [8] , [9]
• The anxiolytic activity goes through an effect on the GABAergic [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] and opioid [14] systems , by chrysin [15] , [16]
• Antispasmodic and depressant by maltol (present in small quantities) which causes muscle relaxation
• Beta -carbolines are central stimulants, MAOIs, even hallucinogens ( harmine is one of the alkaloids of Ayahuasca , Banisteriopsis caapi )
• 5,7 -dihydroxyflavone is a ligand for benzodiazepine receptors
• Apigenin is a competitive ligand for central benzodiazepine receptors
• Sedative by the aqueous extract or anxiolytic by the hydro-alcoholic extract
• Aphrodisiac in mice [17]
• Standardization of extracts is very important [18]
• A derivative of alpha-naphthoflavone ( 7,8-benzoflavone ) is an aromatase inhibitor

Bud properties

Properties of essential oil

Indications

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Anxiety and agitation [19]
• Plant of the anxious restless (cerebral and sensory hyperexcitability, central and peripheral sedative)
• "  Plant of nervous excitation and neuro-sensory hypersensitivity  " [20] (to noises, smells, various stresses), it soothes, relaxes, is active in withdrawal syndromes, no doubt thanks to its small quantity of ' indole alkaloids
• Insomnia and sleep disturbances due to evening excitement, hyperemotivity
• Cardiac erethism disorders in adults, neurotonic states in adults and children
• Unstable hyperactive child, adult hyperactivity
• Psychogenic abdominal pain, colitis
• Neuropathic pain [21]
• Delayed pituitary-adrenal response
• Acts on the spasmodic and cortical (overactive brain) component of anxiety
• Interesting in withdrawal from benzodiazepines, anti-addictive [22] , [23] , opiates [24] , cannabis [25]
• It can be compared to Ignatia in homeopathy

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

Known or suspected mode of action

• Effect on GABAergic and opioid systems ( chrysin , vitexin , other flavones ), and central benzodiazepine receptors
• The supposedly active principles are harmanic alkaloids ( harmane , harmine , harmaline , harmol , harmalol ), flavonoids ( orientine , isoorientine , vitexine , isovitexine ) and maltol , however the total extract is active while the isolated compounds are not. step [26]

Usual formulations

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (aerial part)

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• Rare adverse effects (tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness) [27] , [28]
• Possible pharmacological interactions with benzodiazepines (lorazepam) [29]
• Passionflower extracts containing the flavonoids orientin , apigenin , vitexin , could interact with organic anion transport polypeptides OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 and thus affect the absorption of certain hormones (estrone-3, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfates) [30]
• Contraindication in pregnant women ( alkaloids )

Bibliographic references

1. Go↑ Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Comparative biological activity study on Passiflora incarnata and P. edulis. Fitoterapia. 2001 Aug;72(6):698-702. PMID 11543974
2. Go↑ Baudou, M. (2019). Study of the alkaloids of the ß-carboline group reported in Passiflora officinale (Passiflora incarnata L.) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier).
3. Go↑ Aoyagi N, Kimura R, Murata T. Studies on passiflora incarnata dry extract. I. Isolation of maltol and pharmacological action of maltol and ethyl maltol. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1974 May;22(5):1008-13. PMID 4421168
4. Go↑ Santos, APM, Galindo, AS, & de Souza Queiroz, E. (2020). Neuropsychopharmacological properties, chemically active compounds and medicinal use of passionflower incarnata. Brazilian Journal of Development, 6(12), 94823-94836.
5. Go↑ Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata. Fitoterapia. 2001 Dec;72(8):922-6. PMID 11731118
6. Go↑ Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Sharma A. Passiflora: a review update. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Sep;94(1):1-23. PMID 15261959
7. Go↑ Soulimani R, Younos C, Jarmouni S, Bousta D, Misslin R, Mortier F. Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997 Jun;57(1):11-20. PMID 9234160
8. Go↑ Grundmann O, Wähling C, Staiger C, Butterweck V. Anxiolytic effects of a passion flower (Passiflora incarnata L.) extract in the elevated plus maze in mice. Pharmazie. 2009 Jan;64(1):63-4. PMID 19216234
9. Go↑ Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BGO. Passiflora for anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004518. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004518.pub2. texte intégral Revue Cochrane
10. Go↑ Grundmann O, Wang J, McGregor GP, Butterweck V. Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic system. Planta Med. 2008 Dec;74(15):1769-73. PMID 19006051
11. Go↑ Appel K, Rose T, Fiebich B, Kammler T, Hoffmann C, Weiss G. Modulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L. Phytother Res. 2011 Jun;25(6):838-43. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3352. PMID 21089181
12. Go↑ Elsas SM, Rossi DJ, Raber J, White G, Seeley CA, Gregory WL, Mohr C, Pfankuch T, Soumyanath A. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passionflower) extracts elicit GABA currents in hippocampal neurons in vitro, and show anxiogenic and anticonvulsant effects in vivo, varying with extraction method. Phytomedicine. 2010 Oct;17(12):940-9. PMID 20382514 texte intégral : [1]
13. Go↑ de Oliveira, D. D., da Silva, C. P., Iglesias, B. B., & Beleboni, R. O. (2020). Vitexin Possesses Anticonvulsant and Anxiolytic-Like Effects in Murine Animal Models. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 1181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01181 PMID 32848784
14. Go↑ Nassiri-Asl M, Shariati-Rad S, Zamansoltani F. Anticonvulsant effects of aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata extract in mice: involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2007 7:26 [2]
15. Go↑ Brown E, Hurd NS, McCall S, Ceremuga TE. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a Passiflora incarnata extract, in the laboratory rat. AANA J. 2007 Oct;75(5):333-7. PMID 17966676
16. Go↑ Paladini AC, Marder M, Viola H, Wolfman C, Wasowski C, Medina JH. Flavonoids and the central nervous system: from forgotten factors to potent anxiolytic compounds. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 May;51(5):519-26. PMID 10411210
17. Go↑ Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Aphrodisiac activity of methanol extract of leaves of Passiflora incarnata Linn. in mice. Phytother Res 2003;17:401–403. PMID 12722149
18. Go↑ Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Comparative anxiolytic activity profile of various preparations of Passiflora incarnata linneaus: a comment on medicinal plants' standardization. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Jun;8(3):283-91. PMID 12165186
19. Go↑ Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, et al. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: A pilot double-blind randomized con- trolled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26:363–367. PMID 11679026
20. Go↑ Jean-Michel Morel. Practical treatise on phytotherapy. Ed. Grancher, 2008.
21. Go↑ Aman U, Subhan F, Shahid M, Akbar S, Ahmad N, Ali G, Fawad K, Sewell R. Passiflora incarnata attenuation of neuropathic allodynia and vulvodynia apropos GABA-ergic and opioidergic antinociceptive and behavioural mechanisms. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016, 16:77 (24 February 2016) Abstract texte intégral
22. Go↑ Dhawan K. Drug/substance reversal effects of a novel tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety (BZF) isolated from Passiflora incarnata Linn.--a brief perspective. Addict Biol. 2003 Dec;8(4):379-86. PMID 14690874
23. Go↑ Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Chhabra S. Attenuation of benzodiazepine dependence in mice by a tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus: a non-habit forming anxiolytic. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2003 May-Aug;6(2):215-22. PMID 12935433
24. Go↑ Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Mobaseri M, Hosseini SH, Nikzad S, Khani M. Passionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001 Oct;26(5):369-73. PMID 11679027
25. Go↑ Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Reversal of cannabinoids (delta9-THC) by the benzoflavone moiety from methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice: a possible therapy for cannabinoid addiction. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002 Jun;54(6):875-81. PMID 12079005
26. Go↑ Rachid Soulimani, Chafique Younos, Salah Jarmouni, Dalila Bousta, René Misslin, François Mortier. Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 57 (1997) 11–20. PMID 9234160
27. Go↑ Fisher AA, Purcell P, The Listener DG. Toxicity of Passiflora incarnata L. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2000; 38 (1): 63-6. PMID 10696928
28. Go↑ Maluf E, Barros HMT, Frochtengarten ML, et al. Assessment of the hypnotic/sedative effects and toxicity of Passiflora edulis aqueous extract in rodents and humans. Phytother Res 1991;5:262–266. [3]
29. Go↑ Carrasco MC, Vallejo JR, Pardo-de-Santayana M, Peral D, Martín MA, Altimiras J. Interactions of Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L. in a patient treated with lorazepam. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec; 23 (12): 1795-6. doi: 10.1002 / ptr.2847. PMID 19441067
30. Go↑ Schäfer AM, Gilgen PM, Spirgi C, Potterat O, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. Constituents of Passiflora incarnata, but Not of Valeriana officinalis, Interact with the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP)2B1 and OATP1A2. Planta Med. 2021 Jan 28. doi: 10.1055/a-1305-3936. PMID 33511622.

• Sharma A, Cardoso-Taketa A, García G, Villarreal ML. A systematic updated review of scientifically tested selected plants used for anxiety disorders. Botanics: Targets and Therapy, September 2012, Volume 2, Pages 21 - 39 [4]
• Metras-de Francqueville, MJ (2003). Hawthorn, passionflower, valerian: triad of serenity. Doctoral dissertation, Jules Verne University of Picardy. abstract
• Clavilier, B. (2009). Passiflora officinale, Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae): updating knowledge.Doctoral dissertation, University of Clermont I. abstract
• Sarris J. Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Phytother Res. 2007 Aug;21(8):703-16. PMID 17562566
• Ernst E. Herbal remedies for anxiety - a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Phytomedicine. 2006 Feb;13(3):205-8. PMID 16428031
• Krenn L. [Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata L.)--a reliable herbal sedative] Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002;152(15-16):404-6. PMID 12244887
• Zarifian E; Nordmann R, Cottet J, Queneau IP. The prescription of psychotropic drugs: use, misuse and abuse. Discussion. Bulletin of the National Academy of Medicine, 1998, vol. 182, no. 7, pp. 1365-1454 (Congress, Medical prescription - challenges and difficulties. Thematic day) [5]

Categories  :

• Pages using PMID magic links
• Passifloraceae

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