May help with

• Choleretic
• Cholagogue
• Nephroprotective
• Cardiac tonic
• Diuretic
• Anti-inflammatory
• expectorant - Pulmonary antiseptic
• Memory enhancement

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Rosemary

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

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plant name

Rosemary , Crown Grass

International Latin denomination

Rosmarinus officinalis L.

• New name made official in 2017: Salvia rosmarinus Schleid. [3]

botanical family

Lamiaceae

Description and habitat

• Evergreen bushy shrub, with sessile, linear and leathery dark green leaves, with a characteristic aromatic odor (camphorous, imitating the smell of incense )
• Inflorescences of pale blue or light lilac flowers smeared with purple spots
• Very polymorphic, there are several chemotypes depending on the geographical origin:
  • Camphor chemotype mainly from France and Spain
  • Verboneone and bornyl acetate chemotype from Corsica
  • 1,8 - cineole and alpha-pinene chemotype originating from Morocco and Tunisia

History and tradition

• Introduced in the medicinal plant gardens of the Middle Ages
• Emblem of triumph among the Greeks and Romans
• Rosemary is one of the great preventive and protective plants (like many plants of the Labiatae family )
• Vulnerable species or "Swiss tea" from the 1949 Codex: leaves and tops of wormwood , betony , calament , germander , hyssop , ground ivy , oregano , periwinkle , rosemary , sage , scolopendra , scordium , thyme , veronica  ; arnica flowers , cat's foot , coltsfoot  ; in equal parts

Parts used

• flowering top
• Flowering tops essential oil

Dosage forms available

• Flowering branch tincture
• Young growth glycerine macerate
• Herbal teas
• Essential oil

Usual dosages

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Essential oil (1 to 2.5%)
• Methylated flavones : genkwanin , luteolin , diosmetin , apigenin , isoscutellarein -7-O-glucoside
• Phenol acids  : rosmarinic acid also called " Labiae tannin "
• Tricyclic phenolic diterpenes: rosmaridiphenol , carnosolic acid (= carnosic acid ), rosmadial , ( carnosol = picrosalvin , rosmanol )
• Acidic polysaccharides (6%)
• Triterpenes and steroids  : oleanolic acid , derivatives of ursolic acid

Main components of buds or young shoots

• Monoterpene hydrocarbons , borneol , bornyl acetate , terpineol , terpinene-4-ol more abundant in young leaves than in adult leaves, few camphor and verbenone the amounts of which increase steadily with leaf growth [1] , rosmarinic acid , of higher concentration, on the other hand, in the aqueous extracts of young shoots [2]

Main components of essential oil

• Three chemotypes  :
  • 1) Camphor chemotype ( 30%), 1,8-cineole (15-30%), alpha-pinene (25%), free and esterified borneol (1-5%), alpha-terpineol (12-24%) , limonene , camphene , beta-pinene , beta-caryophyllene , myrcene , etc.
  • 2) Chemotype with 1,8-cineole 45%, camphor 8%, alpha-pinene (10%), beta-pinene 8%, beta-caryophyllene (3%)
  • 3) Chemotype with verbenone and bornyl acetate , alpha-pinene , 1,8-cineole , camphor

Properties

Plant properties

• Choleretic and cholagogue, carminative, stimulation of digestive secretions, anti-ulcer (hydro-alcoholic extracts [3]
• Protection of the hepatocyte against peroxidation and toxins by aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts, diterpenes: rosmanol and carnosol [4] , [5] , [6]
• Experimentation with rosemary extract on cultured hepatocytes demonstrated a protective action against the peroxidative effects of tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
• The effect of the young shoot is greater than that of the adult leaf [7]
• Nephroprotective [8]
• Demonstrated pharmacological actions: relaxation of bronchial and intestinal smooth muscles, anti-inflammatory effect by reduction of leukotrienes and increase in the production of PGE2, inhibition of complement and lipid peroxidation, prevention of carcinogenicity linked to the formation of adducts of DNA [9]
• Carnosol protects brain dopaminergic black cells (5) and carnosic acid increases the synthesis of nerve growth factor NGF [10]
• Carnosol protects dopaminergic neurons [ 11]
• Diuretic, tonic and stimulant
• Cardiac tonic ( oleanolic acid , ursolic acid ), inhibition of lipid peroxidation [12]
• Analgesic, like many plants of the Lamiaceae family [13]
• Spasmolytic by its essential oil
• Anti-inflammatory [14]
  • Rosmarinic acid is anti-inflammatory in vitro and exhibits marked antioxidant activity, also by diterpenes and flavones [15]
• Anticonvulsant (must depend on dose)
• Inhalation causes hyperactivity
• Antiviral [16] (le carnosol est antiviral)
• Increase in the antibacterial activity of antibiotics and decrease in resistance [17] , in vitro anti - Helicobacter pylori activity [18]
• Anti-acne potentialities (decreases inflammation induced by Propionibacterium acnes ) [19]
• Antioxidant activity [20] ( carnosol , carnosic acid ), interesting in cancers (prostate) [21]
  • The powerful antioxidant activity has caught the attention of food manufacturers; partly linked to rosmarinic acid , it is mainly due to diterpenic 0-diphenols ( carnosic acid ) whose effectiveness has been evaluated on different models and deemed sufficient (≥ to that of BHT) for extracts to be marketed (France , USA, Germany)
  • Rosemary extracts are primary antioxidants, acting as proton donors during the formation of free radicals. They significantly delay fat oxidation in lipid and food systems
• Protein glycation inhibitor [22]
• Anti-proliferative effect [23]
  • The main constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis extract are camphor essential oil ( 15-25%), 1,8-cineole (15-30%), alpha-pinene (25%) and borneol , free and esterified, phenolic compounds represented by a dozen flavonoids with methylated genins and by phenolic acids , in particular rosmarinic acid .

Bud properties

• Hepatoprotective, according to Fleurentin, young rosemary shoots are more active in hepatic protection than adult plant preparations [24]
• Cholagogue and choleretic, diuretic [25]
• For Pol Henry hepatodigestive allergy [26]

Properties of essential oil

• Anti-inflammatory by inhibition of leukocyte migration [27] and analgesic [28]
• Antimicrobial [29]
• Antibacterial, antifungal, decreases the resistance of Escherichia coli to antibiotics and of Candida albicans to antifungals [30]
• Agonist effect on alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which leads to a decrease in the secretion and effects of catecholamines on the vessels [31]
• The essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis , ct cineole applied topically has a vasodilating and warming effect which helps to improve Raynaud's phenomenon [32] , increases the perception of heat in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon linked to systemic sclerosis, without increasing the skin temperature measured by infrared thermography [33]
• Antioxidant and DNA protector [34]
• Neurotoxic ( camphor ) but hepatoprotective at low doses [35] , [36] if camphor is not higher than 10-15%
• Expectorant, pulmonary antiseptic ( mainly 1,8-cineole chemotype )
• Inhalation of HE ( 1,8-cineole chemotype ) improves memory capacities [37] , [38]
• More specific indications of the different chemotypes  :
  • Camphor chemotype  : analgesic [39] , relaxant of smooth and striated muscles for external use, slightly anesthetic, spasmolytic
  • Verbenone and bornyl acetate chemotype :  lipolytic and hepatoprotective at low doses
  • 1,8 - cineole and alpha-pinene  chemotype: expectorant, pulmonary antiseptic, revulsive

Indications

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Digestive and hepatobiliary disorders
• Asthenia, convalescence
• Infectious diseases and their consequences
• External use in rheumatism
• small heart failures
• The effect of the young shoot is superior to that of the adult leaf in hepatoprotection

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

•  
  • Camphor chemotype  : rheumatic diseases, joint pain, muscular contractures by local route
  • Verbenone and bornyl acetate chemotype :  cellulite, metabolic overload
  • 1,8 - cineole chemotype  : ENT and broncho-pulmonary conditions, sinusitis, bronchitis, asthma
• Asthenia, overwork
• External use :
  • Tired hair, dandruff, hair loss, identical efficacy of rosemary HE to that of minoxidil [40]

Known or suspected mode of action

• Rosmarinic acid is anti-asthenic and antiviral
• Carnosol and carnosic acid are powerful antioxidants (like rosmarinic acid ) in food
• Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are heart tonic
• Camphor is a pulmonary antiseptic and cardio-respiratory stimulant, relaxing smooth and striated muscles, externally revulsive, and slightly anesthetic

Usual formulations

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (leaf, flowering top)

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• Plant: bile duct obstruction, gallstones EMA, Assessment report on Rosmarinus officinalis L., aetheroleum and Rosmarinus officinalis L., folium
• Camphor essential oil is neurotoxic and its oral use should be avoided, epileptising, can cause nephritis and gastroenteritis
• The other two chemotypes are more reassuring, the LD50 of the HE of rosemary with verbenone would be 7220 mg/kg and that of rosemary with 1,8-cineole of 8080 mg/kg [41].
• Avoid rosemary during pregnancy

Bibliographic references

1. Go↑ K.E. Rasmussen, S. Rasmussen, A. Baerheim svendsen. Quantitative determination of the various compounds of the volatile oil in small amouts of plant material by means of gas liquid chromatography. Terpenes and related compounds. Pharm Weekblad, 107, pp.277-284, 1972.
2. Go↑ Hoefler C. Contribution to the pharmacological study of extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis L., and in particular of young shoots: choleretic, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities, University of Metz, Center for Environmental Sciences: thesis doctorate, specialty pharmacognosy, 1994.
3. Go↑ Dias PC, Sheet MA, Potenti A, de Carvalho JE. Antiulcerogenic activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Jan; 69 (1): 57-62
4. Go↑ Joyeux M, Rolland A, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, Dorfman P. tert-Butyl hydroperoxide-induced injury in isolated rat hepatocytes: a model for studying anti-hepatotoxic crude drugs. Planta Med. 1990 Apr;56(2):171-4. PMID 2353064
5. Go↑ Sotelo-Felix JI, Martinez-Fong D, Muriel De la Torre P. Protective effect of carnosol on CCl(4)-induced acute liver damage in rats. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002 Sep;14(9):1001-6. PMID 12352220
6. Go↑ Sotelo-Felix JI, Martinez-Fong D, Muriel P, Santillan RL, Castillo D, Yahuaca P. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) in the alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jul;81(2):145-54. PMID 12065145
7. Go↑ Fleurentin Jacques. Plants that heal us. Ed. West France. 2007
8. Go↑ Azab, A.E., Albasha, M.O., Elsayed, A.S.I. (2017) Prevention of Nephropathy by Some Natural Sources of Antioxidants. Yangtze Medicine, 1, 235-266. https://doi.org/10.4236/ym.2017.14023
9. Go↑ M R AI-Sereiti, K M Abu-Amer, P Sen. Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 37, February 1999, pp. 124-130 texte intégral
10. Go↑ Kosaka K, Yokoi T. Carnosic acid, a component of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), promotes synthesis of nerve growth factor in T98G human glioblastoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Nov;26(11):1620-2
11. Go↑ Kim SJ, Kim JS, Cho HS, Lee HJ, Kim SY, Kim S, Lee SY, Chun HS. Carnosol, a component of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) protects nigral dopaminergic neuronal cells. Neuroreport. 2006 Nov 6;17(16):1729-33. PMID 17047462
12. Go↑ Zeng HH, Tu PF, Zhou K, Wang H, Wang BH, Lu JF. Antioxidant properties of phenolic diterpenes from Rosmarinus officinalis. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001 Dec;22(12):1094-8. PMID 11749806 pdf intégral
13. Go↑ Uritu, C.M., Mihai, C.T., Stanciu, G., Dodi, G., Alexa-Stratulat, T., Luca, A., Leon-Constantin, M., Stefanescu, R., Bild, V., Melnic, S., & Tamba, B.I. (2018). Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae in Pain Therapy: A Review. Pain research & management. DOI:10.1155/2018/7801543 texte intégral
14. Go↑ Rocha J, Eduardo-Figueira M, Barateiro A, Fernandes A, Brites D, Bronze R, Duarte CM, Serra AT, Pinto R, Freitas M, Fernandes E, Silva-Lima B, Mota-Filipe H, Sepodes B. Anti-inflammatory effect of rosmarinic acid and an extract of Rosmarinus officinalis in rat models of local and systemic inflammation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015 May;116(5):398-413. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12335. PMID 25287116
15. Go↑ del Bano MJ, Lorente J, Castillo J, Benavente-Garcia O, del Rio JA, Ortuno A, Quirin KW, Gerard D. Phenolic diterpenes, flavones, and rosmarinic acid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis. Antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jul 16;51(15):4247-53 PMID 12848492
16. Go↑ Nolkemper S, Reichling J, Stintzing FC, Carle R, Schnitzler P. Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta Med. 2006 Dec;72(15):1378-82. PMID 17091431
17. Go↑ Oluwatuyi M, Kaatz GW, Gibbons S. Antibacterial and resistance modifying activity of Rosmarinus officinalis. Phytochemistry. 2004 Dec;65(24):3249-54. PMID 15561190
18. Go↑ Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Stoia A, Hamill FA, Fabricant D, Dietz BM, Chadwick LR. In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Phytother Res. 2005 Nov;19(11):988-91. PMID 16317658
19. Go↑ Tsai TH, Chuang LT, Lien TJ, Liing YR, Chen WY, Tsai PJ. Rosmarinus officinalis extract suppresses Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammatory responses. J Med Food. 2013 Apr;16(4):324-33. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2577. PMID 23514231
20. Go↑ Schwarz K, Ternes W. Antioxidative constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis. II. Isolation of carnosic acid and formation of other phenolic diterpenes. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1992 Aug;195(2):99-103. PMID 1529648
21. Go↑ Petiwala SM, Puthenveetil AG, Johnson JJ. Polyphenols from the Mediterranean herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) for prostate cancer. Front Pharmacol. 2013 Mar 25;4:29. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00029. eCollection 2013. PMID 23531917
22. Go↑ Kim HY, Kim K. Protein glycation inhibitory and antioxidative activities of some plant extracts in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Mar 12;51(6):1586-91. PMID 12617589
23. Go↑ Cheung S, Tai J. Anti-proliferative and antioxidant properties of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis. Oncol Rep. 2007 Jun;17(6):1525-31. PMID 17487414
24. Go↑ Hoefler C, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, Pelt JM, Guillemain J. "Comparative choleretic and hepatoprotective properties of young sprouts and total plant extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis in rats". J Ethnopharmacol. 1987 Mar-Apr;19(2):133-43. [1]
25. Go↑ Viriot Anne-Claire. An update on gemmotherapy in 2012. Pharmacy thesis, Toulouse, 2015
26. Go↑ Henry Pol. Gemmotherapy, therapy with plant embryonic extracts. Author's edition. Brussels, 1982.
27. Go↑ de Melo GA, Grespan R, Fonseca JP, Farinha TO, Silva EL, Romero AL, Bersani-Amado CA, Cuman RK. Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oil Inhibits In Vivo and In Vitro Leukocyte Migration. J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):944-6. PMID 21663474
28. Go↑ Takaki I, Bersani-Amado LE, Vendruscolo A, Sartoretto SM, Diniz SP, Bersani-Amado CA, Cuman RK. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil in experimental animal models. J Med Food. 2008 Dec;11(4):741-6. PMID 19053868
29. Go↑ Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Denkova Z et all. Antimicrobial testings and gas chromatographic analysis of pure oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineol, alpha-terpineol, terpinene-4-ol and camphor as well as target compounds in essential oils of pine (Pinus pinaster), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and tea-tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). Sci Pharm.2005. 73: 27-39. [2]
30. Go↑ Luqman S, Dwivedi GR, Darokar MP, Kalra A, Khanuja SP. Potential of rosemary oil to be used in drug-resistant infections. Altern Ther Health Med. 2007 Sep-Oct;13(5):54-9. PMID 17900043
31. Go↑ Sagorchev P, Lukanov J, Beer AM. Investigations into the specific effects of rosemary oil at the receptor level. Phytomedicine. 2010 Jul;17(8-9):693-7. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.09.012. PMID 20034774.
32. Go↑ von Schoen-Angerer T, Deckers B, Henes J, Helmert E, Vagedes J. Effect of topical rosemary essential oil on Raynaud phenomenon in systemic sclerosis. Complement Ther Med. 2018 Oct;40:191-194. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.10.012. PMID 30219447.
33. Go↑ Vagedes J, Henes J, Deckers B, Vagedes K, Kuderer S, Helmert E, von Schoen-Angerer T. Topical Rosmarinus officinalis L. in Systemic Sclerosis-Related Raynaud's Phenomenon: An Open-Label Pilot Study. Complement Med Res. 2022 Feb 9. doi: 10.1159/000522507. PMID 35139518.
34. Go↑ Horvathova E, Navarova J, Galova E, Sevcovicova A, Chodakova L, Snahnicanova Z, Melusova M, Kozics K, Slamenova D. Assessment of antioxidative, chelating, and DNA-protective effects of selected essential oil components (eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, borneol, eucalyptol) of plants and intact Rosmarinus officinalis oil. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Jul 16;62(28):6632-9. doi: 10.1021/jf501006y. PMID 24955655
35. Go↑ Fahim FA, Esmat AY, Fadel HM, Hassan KF. Allied studies on the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on experimental hepatotoxicity and mutagenesis. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1999 Nov;50(6):413-27. PMID 10719582
36. Go↑ Rašković A, Milanović I, Pavlović N1, Cebović T, Vukmirović S, Mikov M. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Jul 7;14:225. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-225. PMID 25002023 [ http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6882-14-225.pdf texte intégral]
37. Go↑ Moss M, Oliver L. Plasma 1,8-cineole correlates with cognitive performance following exposure to rosemary essential oil aroma. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 2012;2(3):103-113. doi:10.1177/2045125312436573. texte intégral
38. Go↑ Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Jan;113(1):15-38
39. Go↑ Raskovic, A., Milanovic, I., Pavlovic, N., Milijasevic, B., Ubavic, M., & Mikov, M. (2015). Analgesic effects of rosemary essential oil and its interactions with codeine and paracetamol in mice. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 19(1), 165-172.
40. Go↑ Panahi Y, Taghizadeh M, Marzony ET, Sahebkar A. Rosemary oil vs minoxidil 2% for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a randomized comparative trial. Skinmed. 2015 Jan-Feb;13(1):15-21. PMID 25842469.
41. Go↑ Wu YaNi, Wang Yue, Huang Jian, Wang Rui, Yao Lei. Safety assessment of two chemotype Rosemary essential oils. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University - Agricultural Science 2010 Vol.28 No.2 pp.147-150

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• Catherine Ulbricht , PharmD, Tracee Rae Abrams , PharmD, Ashley Brigham , PharmD, James Ceurvels , PharmD, Jessica Clubb , PharmD, Whitney Curtiss , PharmD, Catherine DeFranco Kirkwood , MPH, CCCJS-MAC, Nicole Giese , MS, Kevin Hoehn , PharmD, MBA, CGP, Ramon Iovin , PhD, Richard Isaac, Erica Rusie , PharmD, Jill M. Grimes Serrano , PhD, Minney Varghese, Wendy Weissner , BA & Regina C. Windsor , MPH. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Natural Standard Research Collaboration, Pages 351-413 [4]
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Store in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep tightly closed, away from the reach of Children and pets.

Do not exceed the daily dose.

This product is not intended to prevent or cure any form of illness or disease.
 

If you are pregnant or nursing ; If you have a medical condition or are in the course of medical treatment ; If you are programmed for theater/operation in the near future, please consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product.

This product cannot replace a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.

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