Black currant (Ribes nigrum) tincture doesn't have a significant history of traditional use compared to other herbal remedies. However, based on its known properties, it can be inferred that it was likely used for:

• Immune support: Black currants are rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, traditionally used to boost the immune system and fight off infections.   

  1. Health Benefits of Black Currant - WebMD

  www.webmd.com

  www.sativavalleyess.com

   

• Respiratory health: The berries were used in folk medicine to soothe coughs, sore throats, and other respiratory ailments due to their anti-inflammatory properties.

  www.sativavalleyess.com

   

   

• Circulatory health: Some traditional uses involved black currants for improving blood circulation and reducing inflammation.

• Digestive aid: The berries were sometimes used to relieve digestive discomfort and promote gut health.

   

Modern Uses:

While not deeply rooted in traditional medicine, black currant tincture is gaining popularity for its potential benefits based on modern research:

• Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects: Studies suggest that black currants may help reduce inflammation and protect against oxidative stress.   

  1. Health Benefits of Black Currant - WebMD

  www.webmd.com

   

• Eye health: The anthocyanins in black currants are being explored for their potential to improve vision and eye health.   

  1. Effects of Black Currant Anthocyanins on Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Glaucoma - ResearchGate

  www.researchgate.net

   

• Muscle recovery: Some research suggests that black currant extract may help reduce muscle fatigue and soreness after exercise.   

  1. Blackcurrant extract aids exercise recovery and reduces muscle soreness by 49 per cent

  www.surrey.ac.uk

   

  May help with

• anti-inflammatory
• allergies
• asthma
• rhinitis
• bronchitis
• sinusitis
• headaches
• arthritis

• liver problems

   

Important Note:

It is always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before using black currant tincture, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have any underlying medical conditions.

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Rosemary

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

Translation in English by Google Translate  (go to the page of the source linked | on Chrome cellphones go on the 3 dots on the top right and select translate in your preferred language | on laptop right click your mouse and select option translate when hoovering on the page

plant name

Blackcurrant , Black currant , blackcurrant (English), Kurokarin (Japanese)

International Latin denomination

Ribes nigra L.

botanical family

Grossulariaceae ( formerly Saxifragaceae )

Description and habitat

• Bushy shrub up to 1.50 m tall native to temperate regions of Europe, Asia Minor and the Himalayas
• Fragrant, lobed and toothed leaves
• Flowers reddish inside and greenish outside, arranged in drooping clusters
• The fruit is a black berry topped with the remains of the calyx
• The genus Ribes seems the only representative of its family

History and tradition

• We make famous liqueurs with its fruits in Côte d'Or

Parts used

• Sheets
• Fruits
• buds
• seed oil

Dosage forms available

• Leaf tincture
• Fluid extract
• Sheet EPS
• Bud glycerine macerate
• Leaf tea
• Micronised powder

Usual dosages

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Leaves  :
  • Flavonoids (0.5%) total flavonic derivatives (minimum 1.5% for the French Pharmacopoeia )
    • Derivatives of quercetol and kaempferol , glycosides of myricetol , isorhamnetol and isoquercetol
    • Methylated flavanone : sakuranetin ( 4',5-diOH-7-methoxyflavanone )
    • Monomeric flavonols ( catechol , epicatechol , gallocatechol , epigallocatechol )
  • Pro-anthocyanidolic oligomers ( proanthocyanidol precursors of tannins ): dimer and trimer prodelphinidins , condensed tannins
    • Anthocyanosides : 3-O-glucosides et 3-O-rutinosides de pélargonidine et de cyanidine, péonidine, delphinidine, pétunidine, malvidine, cyanidine 3-O-arabinoside, 3-O-(6‘ ‘-p-coumaroylglucoside)s de cyanidine et de delphinidine [1]
  • Other constituents: derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid , chlorogenic acid , caffeic acid , p-coumaric acid
  • Traces of sabinene and trans -beta-caryophyllene essential oil (responsible for its smell)
• Fruits :
  • Carbohydrates (10/14%), vitamin C 187 mg, vitamin E 1.4 mg per 100 grams
  • Polyphenols  : flavonoids ( quertecin ), anthocyanosides  : 130 to 400 mg per 100 g, ellagitannins , lignans
  • Carotenoids ( betacarotene , lutein , zeaxanthin ): 40 to 50 grams per 100 g
  • Polysaccharides : (cassis polysaccharide = CAPS)
• Seed oil  : alpha-tocopherol , linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid , up to 18% gamma-linolenic acid and 9% stearidonic acid (caution, unrefined oils)

Main components of buds or young shoots

• Essential oil [2]  :
  • hardwickiic acid ( diterpenic acid )
  • Monoterpenes (0.9 - 27%): delta-3- carene , beta-phellandrene , cis-beta-ocymene and trans-beta-ocymene , limonene , terpinolene , sabinene , alpha-pinene
  • Sesquiterpenes (7 – 15%): trans-beta-caryophyllene (5 – 9%), alpha-humulene
  • Oxygenated monoterpenes (6 – 14%)): alpha-terpineol , citronellyl acetate , linalool , citronellol
  • Oxygenated sesquiterpenes: Caryophyllene oxide (0.5 – 10%)
  • Aliphatic aldehydes , alcohols and acids, C16–C21 n-alkanes , heptanal , decanal , 2-decanol [3]
• Perilladehyde , decanoic acid , palmitic acid
• Amino acids :
  • Arginine (7 times more than in leaf) [4] , proline, glycine, alanine [5] , asparagine [6]
• Flavonoids  :
  • Flavan-3-ols , flavonols , quercetin derivatives (6.7-30.4 mg/L), hydroxycinnamic acids , in the form of genins ( myricetol , quercetol , isorhamnetol ), and heterosides ( myricetol-3-glucoside , quercetol-3-glucoside , isorhamnetol-3-glucoside , myricetol-3-rutinoside , quercetol-3-rutinoside , isorhamnetol-3-rutinoside ), two anthocyanidins ( cyanidol , delphinidol ) [6] , [7]
• Proanthocyanidins , 4 times more than in leaf [4]
• Derivatives of p-coumaric acid (4.1 to 38.9 mg/L) [8] and hydroxycinnamic acid [7]
• Gibberellines (diterpènes)
• abscisic acid
• Minerals (potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese, copper) and about 55% water
• Vitamin C: > 100 mg per 100 g [9]

Main components of essential oil

• Bud essential oil :
  • Sabinene , alpha-pinene , limonene , trans-beta-caryophyllene , alpha-humulene , linalool , citronellol , terpinene-4-ol , linalool (with big differences between cultivars [10] ), hardwickiic acid ( diterpenic acid )
• Leaf essential oil :
  • Sabinene , delta-3-carene , cis-beta-ocymene , beta-caryophyllene , alpha-terpinolene [11]
• The chemical composition of blackcurrant bud and leaf essential oil is very similar: monoterpene hydrocarbons ( delta-3-carene , beta-phellandrene , limonene , terpinolene , sabinene ), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons ( beta-caryophyllene , alpha-humulene , alpha-elemene ), monoterpene alcohols ( linalool , geraniol ), esters ( citronellyl acetate , methyl salicylate), only the concentration differs (HE from buds 0.02%, HE from leaves 0.75%) [12]

Properties

Plant properties

• Leaves  :
  • Anti-inflammatory, no ulcerogenic effect, comparable effect to reference NSAIDs (indomethacin and niflumic acid) [13] , peripheral analgesic, decreases the concentration of TNF-α, IL-1β and CINC-1, without affecting IL-6 and IL-10, but with inhibition of NO release [14] , [15]
  • Traps free radicals and opposes lipoperoxidation [16] , [17] by oligomeric proanthocyanidins , the anti-inflammatory activity of proanthocyanidins is linked to an inhibition of leukocyte infiltration, a downregulation of molecules endothelial adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, these molecules being capable of modulating VEGF transcription induced by TNF alpha [18]
  • Di- and trimer prodelphinidins are antiphlogistic and anti-inflammatory [19] , [20]
  • Salidiuretic and natriuretic activity, antihypertensive (1500 mg of dry leaves per kg)
  • Angio-protector [21]
  • An extract of wild blackcurrant leaves showed potent antiviral properties against the influenza virus Influenza A , without inducing resistance, unlike amantadine [22] , [23]
  • Sakuranetin is fungicidal
• Buds  :
  • Stimulate the production of cortisol by the adrenal glands, and increase the sympathetic tone (according to Loïc Girre, the anti-inflammatory action of the buds reaches a third of that of cortisone). They are used in the food industry as flavor enhancers
• Fruits :
  • Favorable action on venous circulation, microcirculation and visual acuity
  • Consumption of New Zealand black currant extract (600 mg/day) improves muscle performance during aerobic exercise, increases femoral artery diameter and improves oxygen saturation ( anthocyanins ) [24]
  • Fruit juice rich in vitamin C is adaptogenic, helps to fight against stress, antiviral, antidiarrheal, antioxidant (by phenolic acids , flavonoids , carotenoids , flavonols , flavan-3-ols , anthocyanosides ) [25] , [ 26]
  • Immunostimulant, stimulation of macrophage activity, especially that of interleukin (IL)-1β activity [27] (blackcurrant polysaccharide = CAPS)
  • Antiviral properties, the activity of berries in general (genera Vaccinium and Ribes ) is correlated with their polyphenol content , which is one of the key factors in antiviral effects [28]
  • Black currant fruit extract is antiviral against respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus 1 [29] , against different strains of influenza virus [30]
  • Specific anti-influenza [31] , inhibits the adsorption of influenza A and B virus on the cell by anthocyanosides ( 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-cyanidin , 3-O-beta-D -glucopyranosyl-cyanidin , 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-delphinidin , 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-delphinidin ) [32]
  • Anti-herpetic [33]
  • Preventative of (liver) cancer [34]
  • Fruit lignans have phytoestrogenic properties [35]
• The seed oil contains linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid , up to 18% gamma-linolenic acid and 9% stearidonic acid
  • It could act in rheumatoid arthritis [36] , and contribute to cardiovascular protection and the prevention of atherosclerosis [37]

Bud properties

• Stimulate the production of cortisol by the adrenal glands, increase sympathetic tone
• Anti-inflammatory activity [38] , greater than that of the leaves (the anti-inflammatory action of the buds would reach a third of that of cortisone) [39]
  • According to Tétau [40] , [9] , the anti-inflammatory activity of Ribes nigrum buds was tested on 4 models:
    • Cold resistance test (cortisone-like effect)
    • Cold plantar edema test (anti-edematous effect)
    • Test of sponge or cotton pellets (decrease of inflammatory cells)
    • Freund's adjuvant arthritis (orosomucoid decrease and immuno-modulation)
  • The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are believed to be linked to the presence of terpene compounds and polyphenols ( catechins and phenolic acids ) [41]
• Antioxidant properties [42]
• Antimicrobials, antibacterials [43] , [44]
• Potential activity in rheumatoid arthritis by antioxidant effect (with buds of Buxus sempervirens , Vitis vinifera ) [45]

Properties of essential oil

• Bud essential oil:
  • Antibacterial against Acinetobacter baumanii , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginoasa , Staphylococcus aureus [46]

Indications

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Rheumatism and joint pain [47]
• Drops
• Microcirculatory vascular pathologies and arterial hypertension
• Flu, spasmodic cough, gargling in angina
• Diarrhea
• Stimulation of cortisol by the adrenal glands, increased sympathetic tone (bud tests, and clinical findings)
• The seed oil contains unsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid , up to 18% gamma-linolenic acid and 9% stearidonic acid

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

• Allergic prevention (allergic rhinitis) [48]
• According to Pol Henry [49] , it dominates with alder and birch  :
• The primary inflammatory phase and it is decisive whether this phase is predominantly allergic. It therefore acts as a complement to all mucosal inflammatory states of the respiratory tract, the digestive tract and the urinary tract.
• By the stimulation of 11 oxysteroids, it stimulates the catabolism of urea, uric acid and cholesterol
• It acts on certain acute urticarial syndromes: angioedema, drug sensitization
• It acts on anaphylactic accidents following antibiotic therapy and after insect bites ( Alnus glutinosa )
• In acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis with sequelae of microbial focus, Ribes nigrum greatly accelerates the process of resolution of the affection.
• Acts in flu-like conditions with Alnus glutinosa (125 drops alternating every 2 to 3 hours) ( Betula pubescens )
• Is complementary to other buds in hypometabolized adult osteoarthritis

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

Known or suspected mode of action

• Anti-inflammatory and analgesic by inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 ( proanthocyanidins , prodelphinidins  : trimer gallocatechin, dimer gallocatechin , gallocatechin - epigallocatechin )
• Salidiuretic and natriuretic activity

Usual formulations

• Herbal tea known as the five leaves (osteoarthritis, drainage cures in chronic arthralgia, alkalinization) [50]  :
  • Black currant leaves ( Ribes nigrum )
  • Birch leaves ( Betula alba )
  • Ash leaves ( Fraxinus excelsior )
  • Leaves of ( Nettle ( Urtica dioica )
  • Flowering tops of Meadow Queen ( Filipendula ulmaria )… to 50 grams
    • Three tablespoons (a good handful) for a liter of boiling water, leave to infuse for 1/4 hour. To drink during the day, by discontinuous cures

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (leaf, fruit)

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• Seed oil should be avoided with blood thinners, due to the presence of fatty acids (but only seed oil)

Bibliographic references

1. Go↑ Rune Slimestad, Haavard Solheim. Anthocyanins from Black Currants (Ribes nigrum L.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50 (11), pp 3228–3231 [1]
2. Go↑ Oprea E, Radulescu V, Balotescu C, Lazar V, Bucur M, Mladin P, Farcasanu IC. Chemical and biological studies of Ribes nigrum L. buds essential oil. Biofactors. 2008;34(1):3-12. PMID 19706967
3. Go↑ Orav A, Kailas T, Müürisepp M. Composition of blackcurrant aroma isolated from leaves, buds, and berries of Ribes nigrum L. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Chemistry ‪déc. 2002‬ 51 (4), 225-234.
4. ↑Go to :4.0 and 4.1 Tétau M, Dorfman P. Scientific research and gemmotherapy. Biotherapy Notebooks, n° 138, pp. 35-46, February - March 1996
5. Go↑ Viriot Anne-Claire. An update on gemmotherapy in 2012. Pharmacy thesis, Toulouse, 2015
6. ↑Go to :6.0 and 6.1 Gerbaka Stephanie. Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.): botanical and chemical studies and therapeutic effects. Pharmaceutical sciences. 2013. full text
7. ↑Go to :7,0 et 7,1 Vagiri M, Ekholm A, Andersson SC, Johansson E, Rumpunen K. An optimized method for analysis of phenolic compounds in buds, leaves, and fruits of black currant ( Ribes nigrum L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Oct 24;60(42):10501-10. doi: 10.1021/jf303398z. PMID 23046518
8. Go↑ Yesterday F, Innocenti M, Possieri L, Gallori S, Mulinacci N. Phenolic composition of "bud extracts" of Ribes nigrum L., Rosa canina L. and Tilia tomentosa M. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015 Nov 10; 115: 1-9 doi: 10.1016 / j.jpba.2015.06.004. PMID 26135753
9. ↑Go to :9.0 and 9.1 Tétau M, Binsard AM, Guillemain J. Ribes nigrum buds: anti-inflammatory of plant origin. Notebooks of Biotherapy, 1979, n° 63, pp. 69-72
10. Go↑ Maria Luisa Ruiz del Castillo, Gary Dobson. Varietal differences in terpene composition of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L) berries by solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Volume 82, Issue 13, pages 1510–1515, October 2002
11. Go↑ Tatjana Stević, Katarina Šavikin, Mihailo Ristić, Gordana Zdunić, Teodora Janković, Dragana KrivokućA-Đokić, Todor Vulić. Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the leaves of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivar Čačanska crna. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 75 (1) 35–43 (2010)
12. Go↑ Stephanie Gerbaka. Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.): botanical and chemical studies and therapeutic effects. Pharmaceutical sciences. 2013. full text
13. Go↑ Declume C. Anti-inflammatory evaluation of a hydroalcoholic extract of black currant leaves (Ribes nigrum). J Ethnopharmacol. 1989 Nov;27(1-2):91-8. PMID 2615431
14. Go↑ Garbacki N, Tits M, Angenot L, Damas J. Inhibitory effects of proanthocyanidins from Ribes nigrum leaves on carrageenin acute inflammatory reactions induced in rats BMC Pharmacology 2004, 4:25. [2]
15. Go↑ Garbacki N, Angenot L, Bassleer C, Damas J, Tits M. Effects of prodelphinidins isolated from Ribes nigrum on chondrocyte metabolism and COX activity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2002 Jun;365(6):434-41. PMID 12070756
16. Go↑ Costantino L et al. Antilipoperoxidative activity of polyphenolic extracts of Ribes nigrum. Medicinal plants and phytotherapy. 1993
17. Go↑ Albasini A, Bertoldi M, Costantino L, Rossi T, Rastelli G. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by Ribes nigrum L. extracts. Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy, 1967
18. Go↑ Garbacki N, Kinet M, Nusgens B, Desmecht D, Damas J. Proanthocyanidins, from Ribes nigrum leaves, reduce endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Aug 9;2:9. PMID 16091140. Texte intégral : [3]
19. Go↑ M. Tits, L. Angenot, P. Poukens, R. Warin, Y. Dierckxsens. Prodelphinidins from Ribes nigrum. Phytochemistry, Volume 31, Issue 3, March 1992, Pages 971-973 [4]
20. Go↑ Angenot, Luc & Damas, Jjacques & Dierckxsens, Yvan & Poukens, P. (1991). Anti-Inflammatory Prodelphinidins from Black Currant ( Ribes nigrum ) Leaves. Planta Medica - PLANTA MED. 57. 10.1055/s-2006-960433.
21. Go↑ Jonadet M, Meunier MT, Villie F, Bastide JP, Lamaison JL. Flavonoids extracted from Ribes nigrum L. and Alchemilla vulgaris L. I: Inhibitory activities against elastase, typsin and α-chymotrypsin in vitro. II: Comparative angioprotective activities in vivo = Flavonoids extracted from Ribes nigrum L. and Alchemilla vulgaris L.: I: In vitro inhibitory activities on the enzymes elastase, trypsin and α-chymotrypsin. II: Angioprotective activities compared in vivo. Journal of Pharmacology, 1986, vol. 17, no.1, p. 21-27
22. Go↑ Ehrhardt C, Dudek SE, Holzberg M, Urban S, Hrincius ER, Haasbach E, Seyer R, Lapuse J, Planz O, Ludwig S. A plant extract of Ribes nigrum folium possesses anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo by preventing virus entry to host cells. PLoS One. 2013 May 23;8(5):e63657. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063657. PMID 23717460 texte intégral
23. Go↑ Haasbach E, Hartmayer C, Hettler A, Sarnecka A, Wulle U, Ehrhardt C, Ludwig S, Planz O. Antiviral activity of Ladania067, an extract from wild black currant leaves against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol. 2014 Apr 22; 5: 171. doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2014.00171. eCollection 2014. PMID 24795704
24. Go↑ Cook MD, Myers SD, Gault ML, Willems MET. Blackcurrant Alters Physiological Responses and Femoral Artery Diameter during Sustained Isometric Contraction. Nutrients. 2017 May 29;9(6):556. doi: 10.3390/nu9060556. PMID 28555052; PMCID: PMC5490535.
25. Go↑ S. Benvenuti, F. Pellati, M. Melegari, D. Bertelli. Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia. Journal of Food Science, Volume 69, Issue 3, pages FCT164–FCT169, April 2004
26. Go↑ Tabart J, Kevers C, Evers D, Dommes J. Ascorbic acid, phenolic acid, flavonoid, and carotenoid profiles of selected extracts from Ribes nigrum. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 May 11;59(9):4763-70. PMID 21417457
27. Go↑ Takata R, Yamamoto R, Yanai T, Konno T, Okubo T. Immunostimulatory effects of a polysaccharide-rich substance with antitumor activity isolated from black currant (Ribes nigrum L.). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Nov;69(11):2042-50. PMID 16306683
28. Go↑ Sekizawa H, Ikuta K, Mizuta K, Takechi S, Suzutani T. Relationship between polyphenol content and anti-influenza viral effects of berries. J Sci Food Agric. 2013 Jul;93(9):2239-41. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6031. PMID 23355221
29. Go↑ Ikuta K, Hashimoto K, Kaneko H, Mori S, Ohashi K, Suzutani T. Anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities of an extract of blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.). Microbiol Immunol. 2012 Dec;56(12):805-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00510.x. PMID 22985050
30. Go↑ Ikuta K, Mizuta K, Suzutani T. Anti-influenza virus activity of two extracts of the blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) from New Zealand and Poland. Fukushima J Med Sci. 2013;59(1):35-8. PMID 23842512
31. Go↑ Knox YM, Suzutani T, Yosida I, Azuma M. Anti-influenza virus activity of crude extract of Ribes nigrum L. Phytother Res. 2003 Feb;17(2):120-2. PMID 12601672
32. Go↑ Knox YM, Hayashi K, Suzutani T, Ogasawara M, Yoshida I, Shiina R, Tsukui A, Terahara N, Azuma M. Activity of anthocyanins from fruit extract of Ribes nigrum L. against influenza A and B viruses. Acta Virol. 2001;45(4):209-15. PMID 11885927
33. Go↑ Suzutani T, Ogasawara M, Yoshida I, Azuma M, Knox YM. Anti-herpesvirus activity of an extract of Ribes nigrum L. Phytother Res. 2003 Jun;17(6):609-13. PMID 12820226
34. Go↑ Bishayee A, Mbimba T, Thoppil RJ, Háznagy-Radnai E, Sipos P, Darvesh AS, Folkesson HG, Hohmann J. Anthocyanin-rich black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract affords chemoprevention against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis in rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2011 Nov;22(11):1035-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.09.001. PMID 21216582
35. Go↑ Mazur WM, Uehara M, Wähälä K, Adlercreutz H. Phyto-oestrogen content of berries, and plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of enterolactone after a single strawberry-meal in human subjects.Br J Nutr. 2000 Apr;83(4):381-7. PMID 10858696
36. Go↑ K. L. Soeken, S. A. Miller, E. Ernst. Herbal medicines for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatology (2003) 42 (5): 652-659 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg183 texte intégral
37. Go↑ Guivernau M, Meza N, Barja P, Roman O. Clinical and experimental study on the long-term effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation, and prostacyclin production. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1994 Nov;51(5):311-6. PMID 7846101
38. Go↑ Donno D, Mellano MG, Cerutti AK, Beccaro GL. Biomolecules and Natural Medicine Preparations: Analysis of New Sources of Bioactive Compounds from Ribes and Rubus spp. Buds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2016 Feb 5;9(1). pii: E7. doi: 10.3390/ph9010007. PMID 26861353
39. Go↑ Girre Loïc, Knowing and recognizing medicinal plants, Delachaux and Niestlé. 2001
40. Go↑ Vise Max. New gemmotherapy clinics. Ed. Similia, Paris. 1987
41. Go↑ Donno D, Beccaro GL, Mellano MG, Cerutti AK, Marconi V, Bounous G. Botanicals in Ribes nigrum bud-preparations: an analytical fingerprinting to evaluate the bioactive contribution to total phytocomplex. Pharm Biol. 2013 Oct;51(10):1282-92. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2013.786101. PMID 23844599
42. Go↑ Gaižauskienė Asta. Chemical composition and properties of various cultivars of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum l.) buds. University of Lithuania, Chemistry dissertation, 2009 [5]
43. Go↑ Ethorđević BS, Pljevljakušić ÐS, Savikin KP, Stević TR, Bigović DJ. Essential oil from black currant buds as chemotaxonomy marker and antimicrobial agent. Chem Biodivers. 2014 Aug;11(8):1228-40. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201400039. PMID 25146766
44. Go↑ Dvaranauskaite A, Venskutonis PR, Raynaud C, Talou T, Viskelis P, Dambrauskiene E. Characterization of steam volatiles in the essential oil of black currant buds and the antioxidant properties of different bud extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 May 14;56(9):3279-86. PMID 18412360
45. Go↑ Andreea Viorica Militaru, Ioan Simedrea, Iren Alexoi, Camelia Peev, Elena Bernad, Claudia-Crina Toma. Plant Extracts From Meristematic Tissues (Foliar Buds And Shoots): Antioxidant And Therapeutic Action. Studia Universitatis “Vasile Goldiş”, Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii Vol. 20, issue 3, 2010, pp. 45-47 [6]
46. Go↑ Oprea E, Radulescu V, Balotescu C, Lazar V, Bucur M, Mladin P, Farcasanu IC. Chemical and biological studies of Ribes nigrum L. buds essential oil. Biofactors. 2008;34(1):3-12. PMID 19706967
47. Go↑ Chrubasik S, Pollak S. Pain management with herbal antirheumatic drugs. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002;152(7-8):198-203. PMID 12017748
48. Go↑ Ferrara Lydia. Phytotherapy as a preventive and adjuvant for the rhinitis. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy Volume 6, Issue 1 (January 2016), PP. 06-11. texte intégral
49. Go↑ Henry Pol. Gemmotherapy, therapy with plant embryonic extracts. Author's edition. Brussels, 1982.
50. Go↑ Jean-Michel Morel. Practical treatise on phytotherapy. 618 pages. Preface by Jean-Marie Pelt. Ed. Grancher, 2008

• EMEA. Ribes nigra Monograph, 6 May 2010 EMA/HMPC/142989/2009 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC): Assessment report on Ribes nigra L., leaf
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• Mark F. Kerslake, Robert C. Menary. Varietal differences of extracts from blackcurrant buds (Ribes nigrum L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Volume 36, Issue 5, pages 343–351, May 1985
• Dambrauskienė Edita, Viškelis Pranas, Sasnauskas Audrius. The use of black currant buds for the production of essential oils. Scientific works of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Gardening and horticulture. 2008. 27 (2). [8]
• Le Quere Jean Luc, Latrasse Alain. Composition of the essential oils of black currant buds (Ribes nigrum L.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 1990, 38 (1), pp 3–10
• BLACK CURRANT (Ribes nigrum L.) – AN INSIGHT INTO THE CROP texte intégral

Store in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep tightly closed, away from the reach of Children and pets.

Do not exceed the daily dose.

This product is not intended to prevent or cure any form of illness or disease.
 

If you are pregnant or nursing ; If you have a medical condition or are in the course of medical treatment ; If you are programmed for theater/operation in the near future, please consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product.

This product cannot replace a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.

This product has not been evaluated by the SAHPRA for its quality, safety or intended use.