May help with

• reduces cardiovascular risk, like atherosclerosis.
• lowers blood pressure.
• helps treats type 2 diabetes.
• supports weight loss.
• eliminates free radicals.
• boosts immunity.
• fights herpes.
• reduces inflammation.

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Olive

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

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plant name

Olivier, olive (English)

International Latin denomination

Olea europaea L.

botanical family

Oleaceae

Description and habitat

• Tree often cultivated in the Mediterranean regions, about 10 meters in height, with a gray trunk of tortuous appearance, cracked, numerous branches bearing evergreen, lanceolate, greyish-green, leathery leaves, with a revolute edge
• Species native to Syria and naturalized in southern France, Corsica and Algeria. It requires full light, looking for dry soils, with warm exposures; vigorous tree that can live for a very long time, with very compact and very homogeneous wood. The wild olive tree called Oleaster was spontaneous throughout the Mediterranean basin. The limits of the olive tree are above all the cold of the North or the excessive drought (Egypt) but its possible areas can be extended to California, South Africa and Australia

History and tradition

• It is believed to have been domesticated in Crete around 3500 BC. JC
• Tree associated with many symbols, the olive branch is a symbol of peace, the crown of olive leaves was placed on the head of the winners of the Olympic Games in Greece

Parts used

• Dried leaves, buds, olive (hard stone drupe)

Dosage forms available

• Leafy twig tincture
• Young growth glycerine macerate
• sheet eps
• Dry extracts
• Fluid extracts

Usual dosages

• Leaves: 30 grams per liter, 1 liter per day of decoction, by discontinuous cures
• Buds MG 1°D, 50 drops three times a day or a teaspoonful in the morning
• EPS  : 15 ml (or three teaspoons) to put in a liter of water and drink during the day, 10 days a month; or a teaspoon in the morning
• Dry extract  : 400 to 500 mg for one capsule to be taken morning and evening (800 mg to 1 g per day)

Composition

Main components of the plant

Sheet [1]  :

• Secoiridoids ( oleuropeoside ( oleuropein ), 11-demethyloleuropeoside , ligustroside , oleuroside , non-heteroside secoiridoid aldehydes ) 6–14% of dry weight, but some cultivars contain even more
• Tetra- and pentacyclic triterpenes ( oleanane , ursane , lupane , taraxerane , taraxastane , euphane , lanostane skeletons ): oleanolic acid , ursolic acid , maslinic acid
• Flavonoids  :
  • Flavones  : luteolin , apigenin glycosides , apigenin-7-glucoside , diosmetin , luteolin-7-glucoside , diosmetin-7-glucoside
  • Flavonols  : ( rutoside
  • Flavan-3-ols  : catechin
• Phenolic derivatives  : tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol , vanillin , vanillic acid , caffeic acid
• Verbascoside

fruit:

• Fatty oil rich in essential fatty acids (AGE):
  • 63-81% oleic acid (omega-9)
  • 15% linoleic acid (omega-6)
  • Oleocanthal
  • Tocopherols or vitamin E: 1.6 mg per tablespoon
  • Maslinic acid

Main components of buds or young shoots

• Flavonoids , sterols , triterpenes [2]

Main components of essential oil

Properties

Plant properties

• Leaf :
  • Hypotensive (modest action) [3] , but a study shows identical efficacy of 500 mg of standardized extract of olive leaves twice a day to that of 12.5 to 25 mg of Captopril twice a day [4] , average decrease of 5 to 13 mm Hg [5]
    • Secoiridoids ( oleuropein , ligustroside , excelcioside , oleoside 11-methyl ester , oleoside ) are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors [6] , hypotensives, and lipid-lowering [7]
    • Moderate beta-blocker and calcium-blocker effect [8] , [9]
  • Coronaro-dilator, increases coronary flow, cardiac protector by combining antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic [10] , antiatherogenic [11] , protector of myocardial function by an anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, anti-ischemic, hypolipidemic effect [12] , protection of myocardial cells (cardiomyocytes) [13] , protector of vascular function [14]
  • Bradycardic antiarrhythmic ( oleanolic acid ) by beta-adrenergic antagonist effect, negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects [15]
  • Cardioprotective, the ethanolic extract of olive leaves, which contains oleuropein , hydroxytyrosol , verbascoside , luteolin and quercetin exerts a protective effect on cardiomyocyte viability greater than that of each of these phenolic compounds [16]
  • Inhibition of platelet aggregation [17]
  • Spasmolytic
  • Antioxidant [18] , [19]
  • Hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic and anti-diabetic (especially the oleaster variety ) [20] , hypoglycemic in rats [21]
  • Antidiabetic by inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase ( luteolin and its derivatives luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside and luteolin-4′-O-β-glucoside ) [22] , hypoglycemic by oleuropeoside at a dose of 16 mg/kg, resulting from two mechanisms: potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release and increased peripheral glucose absorption [23] , antidiabetic properties in rats (leaf extract with doses of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 g/kg of body weight for 14 days) higher than those of glibenclamide (600 microg/kg) [24] , oleuropein and oleanolic acidare involved in the anti-diabetic effect of olive leaves [25]
  • Improves insulin sensitivity and lowers the risk of developing metabolic syndrome [26]
  • Antibacterial and antifungal [27] by phenolic derivatives
  • Nephroprotective [28]
  • Thyroid stimulant (?) pituitary-independent activity [29]
• Olive oil :
  • Anti-inflammatory (similar to ibuprofen) [30]
  • Inhibition of platelet aggregation [31]
  • Decreases oophorectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats [32]

Bud properties

• Anti-hypertensive
• Mildly antidiabetic
• Vascular action

Properties of essential oil

Directions

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Arterial hypertension by moderate beta-blocker and calcium-blocker effect [8] , [9] , and an action of inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme (IEC) [6]
  • Efficacy at 400 mg per day of dry extract according to the EMA [33]
• Venous circulatory disorders
• Mild diabetes ( oleuropein , hydroxytyrosol ) [34] , reduction of diabetes complications ( oleuropein ) [35]

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

• Metabolic syndrome
• Non-thrombotic cerebral atherosclerosis, diabetic arteritis, gangrene [36]
• With Prunus amygdalus  :
  • Phobic neurosis: agarophobia, claustrophobia etc.
  • Obsessive compulsive neurosis
• With Ficus carica  :
  • Facial neuralgia

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

Known or suspected mode of action

• Antihypertensive by beta-blocker effect, calcium antagonist [8] , [9] , and inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (IEC) [6]

Usual formulations

• Olive leaves Olea europea  : 30 grams for one liter of water; boil for 10 minutes over low heat; infuse one hour. Drink during the day, 5 days a week, three weeks a month, for three months
• Dry extract  : 400 to 500 mg for one capsule to be taken morning and evening (800 mg to 1 g per day) (high blood pressure)
  • 400 mg of dry extract per day according to the EMA

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (sheet)

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• No adverse effects or interactions listed
• Very moderate pharmacokinetic interactions of oleuropein with cytochromes P450 (weak inhibition of CYP1A2) [37]
• Weak inhibition of maslinic acid on CYP3A4 activity, low risk of drug interaction [38]
• Potential Pharmacodynamic Interactions with Antidiabetic and Antihypertensive Drugs

Bibliographic references

1. Aller↑ Aouidi, 2012., Study and valorization of Olea europeae olive leaves in the food industry. Doctoral thesis in biological engineering. University of Carthage (Tunisia). p 213.
2. Aller↑ Stiti N, Hartmann MA. Nonsterol Triterpenoids as Major Constituents of Olea europaea. J Lipids. 2012;2012:476595. doi: 10.1155/2012/476595. PMID 22523691
3. Aller↑ Khayyal MT, el-Ghazaly MA, Abdallah DM, Nassar NN, Okpanyi SN, Kreuter MH. Blood pressure lowering effect of an olive leaf extract (Olea europaea) in L-NAME induced hypertension in rats. Arzneimittelforschung. 2002;52(11):797-802. PMID 12489249
4. Aller↑ Susalit E, Agus N, Effendi I, Tjandrawinata RR, Nofiarny D, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Verbruggen M. Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract effective in patients with stage-1 hypertension: comparison with Captopril. Phytomedicine. 2011 Feb 15;18(4):251-8. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.016. PMID 21036583
5. Aller↑ Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Busjahn A, Schmidlin C, Schmidt A, Bradl B, Aydogan C. Food supplementation with an olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract reduces blood pressure in borderline hypertensive monozygotic twins. Phytother Res. 2008 Sep;22(9):1239-42. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2455. PMID 18729245
6. ↑ Aller à :6.0 6.1 and 6.2 Hansen K, Adsersen A, Christensen SB, Jensen SR, Nyman U, Smitt UW. Isolation of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor from Olea europaea and Olea lancea. Phytomedicine. 1996 Mar;2(4):319-25. doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113(96)80076-6. PMID 23194770
7. Aller↑ Lockyer S, Rowland I, Spencer JPE, Yaqoob P, Stonehouse W. Impact of phenolic-rich olive leaf extract on blood pressure, plasma lipids and inflammatory markers: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Jun;56(4):1421-1432. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1188-y. PMID 26951205
8. ↑ Aller à :8.0 8.1 and 8.2 Scheffler A, Rauwald HW, Kampa B, Mann U, Mohr FW, Dhein S. Olea europaea leaf extract exerts L-type Ca(2+) channel antagonistic effects. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Nov 20;120(2):233-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.018. PMID 18790040
9. ↑ Aller à :9.0 9.1 and 9.2 Rauwald HW, Brehm O, Odenthal KP. Screening of nine vasoactive medicinal plants for their possible calcium antagonistic activity. Strategy of selection and isolation for the active principles of Olea europaea and Peucedanum ostruthium. Phytotherapy Research, Volume 8, Issue 3, pages 135–140, May 1994 [1]
10. Aller↑ Vogel P, Kasper Machado I, Garavaglia J, Zani VT, de Souza D, Morelo Dal Bosco S. Polyphenols benefits of olive leaf (Olea europaea L) to human health. Nutr Hosp. 2014 Dec 17;31(3):1427-33. doi: 10.3305/nh.2015.31.3.8400. PMID 25726243
11. Aller↑ El SN, Karakaya S. Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Rev. 2009 Nov;67(11):632-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00248.x. PMID 19906250
12. Aller↑ Efentakis P, Iliodromitis EK, Mikros E, Papachristodoulou A, Dagres N, Skaltsounis AL, Andreadou I. Effects of the olive tree leaf constitute on myocardial oxidative damage and atherosclerosis. PlantaMed. 2015 Jun;81(8):648-54. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1546017. PMID 26018920
13. Aller↑ El SN, Karakaya S. Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Rev. 2009 Nov;67(11):632-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00248.x. PMID 19906250
14. Aller↑ Lockyer S, Corona G, Yaqoob P, Spencer JP, Rowland I. Secoiridoids delivered as olive leaf extract induce acute improvements in human vascular function and reduction of an inflammatory cytokine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Br J Nutr. 2015 Jul 14;114(1):75-83. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515001269. PMID 26051429
15. Aller↑ Javidanpour, S., Dianat, M., Aliakbari, FR, & Sarkaki, A. (2018). The effects of olive leaf extract and 28 days forced treadmill exercise on electrocardiographic parameters in rats. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 23, 108. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_517_18
16. Aller↑ Bali EB, Ergin V, Rackova L, Bayraktar O, Küçükboyaci N, Karasu Ç. Olive leaf extracts protect cardiomyocytes against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced toxicity in vitro: comparison with oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and quercetin. PlantaMed. 2014 Aug;80(12):984-92. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1382881. PMID 25098929
17. Aller↑ Singh I, Mok M, Christensen AM, Turner AH, Hawley JA. The effects of polyphenols in olive leaves on platelet function. Nutr Metab Cardiovascular Dis. 2008 Feb;18(2):127-32. PMID 17346951
18. Aller↑ O Benavente-Garcı́a, J Castillo, J Lorente, A Ortuño, JA Del Rio. Antioxidant activity of phenolics extracted from Olea europaea L. leaves. Food Chemistry, Volume 68, Issue 4, March 2000, Pages 457–462
19. Aller↑ Lkrik, A., Souidi, K., & Martin, P. Effect of polyphenols extracted from cakes and leaves of the olive tree (Olea europaea L) on the oxidative stability of olive oil. Full Text
20. Aller↑ Bennani-Kabchi N, Fdhil H, Cherrah Y, Kehel L, el Bouayadi F, Amarti A, Saïdi M, Marquié G. Effects of Olea europea var. oleaster leaves in hypercholesterolemic insulin-resistant sand rats. Therapy. 1999 Nov-Dec;54(6):717-23. PMID 10709446
21. Aller↑ Trovato A, Forestieri AM, Iauk L, Barbera R, Monforte MT, Galati EM. Hypoglycemic activity of different extracts of Olea europae L. in the rats. Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy, 1993, vol. 26, no.4, pp. 300-308
22. Aller↑ Eddouks Mohamed, Chattopadhyay Debprasad. Phytotherapy in the Management of Diabetes and Hypertension. Bentham Science Publishers, 2012. eISBN: 978-1-60805-014-7
23. Aller↑ Gonzalez M, Zarzuelo A, Gamez MJ, Utrilla MP, Jimenez J, Osuna I. Hypoglycemic activity of olive leaf. PlantaMed. 1992 Dec;58(6):513-5. PMID 1484890
24. Aller↑ Eidi A, Eidi M, Darzi R. Antidiabetic effect of Olea europaea L. in normal and diabetic rats. Phytother Res. 2009 Mar;23(3):347-50. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2629. PMID 18844257
25. Aller↑ Sato H, Genet C, Strehle A, Thomas C, Lobstein A, Wagner A, Mioskowski C, Auwerx J, Saladin R. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of a TGR5 agonist isolated from Olea europaea. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Nov 3;362(4):793-8. PMID 17825251
26. Aller↑ de Bock M, Derraik JG, Brennan CM, Biggs JB, Morgan PE, Hodgkinson SC, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57622. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057622. PMID 23516412
27. Aller↑ Pereira AP, Ferreira IC, Marcelino F, Valentão P, Andrade PB, Seabra R, Estevinho L, Bento A, Pereira JA. Phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity of olive (Olea europaea L. Cv. Cobrançosa) leaves. Molecules. 2007 May 26;12(5):1153-62. PMID 17873849
28. Aller↑ Azab, AE, Albasha, MO, Elsayed, ASI (2017) Prevention of Nephropathy by Some Natural Sources of Antioxidants. Yangtze Medicine, 1, 235-266. https://doi.org/10.4236/ym.2017.14023
29. Aller↑ Al-Qarawi AA, Al-Damegh MA, El Mougy SA. Effect of freeze dried extract of Olea europaea on the pituitary-thyroid axis in rats. Phytother Res. 2002 May;16(3):286-7. PMID 12164280
30. Aller↑ Beauchamp GK, Keast RS, Morel D, Lin J, Pika J, Han Q, Lee CH, Smith AB, Breslin PA. Phytochemistry: ibuprofen-like activity in extra-virgin olive oil. Nature. 2005 Sep 1;437(7055):45-6. PMID 16136122
31. Aller↑ Petroni A, Blasevich M, Salami M, Papini N, Montedoro GF, Galli C. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and eicosanoid production by phenolic components of olive oil. Thromb Res. 1995 Apr 15;78(2):151-60. PMID 7482432
32. Aller↑ Saleh NK, Saleh HA. Olive Oil Effectively Mitigates Ovariectomy Induced Osteoporosis In Rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011, 11:10 (4 February 2011) [2]
33. Aller↑ Assessment report on Olea europaea L., folium Final. EMA/HMPC/359236/2016, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC), 31 January 2017 pdf
34. Aller↑ Jemai H, El Feki A, Sayadi S. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein from olive leaves in alloxan-diabetic rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Oct 14;57(19):8798-804. doi: 10.1021/jf901280r. PMID 19725535
35. Aller↑ Al-Azzawie HF, Alhamdani MS. Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect of oleuropein in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Life Sci. 2006 Feb 16;78(12):1371-7. PMID 16236331
36. Aller↑ Henry Pol. Gemmotherapy, therapy with plant embryonic extracts. Author's edition. Brussels, 1982
37. Aller↑ I Stupans, M Murray, A Kirlich, KL Tuck, PJ Hayball. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 by the food-derived complex phenol oleuropein. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 39, Issue 11, 2001, Pages 1119-1124, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00060-6 .
38. Aller↑ Min Sun, Yu Tang, Tonggui Ding, Mingyao Liu, Xin Wang. Investigation of cytochrome P450 inhibitory properties of maslinic acid, a bioactive compound from Olea europaea L., and its structure–activity relationship. Phytomedicine, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 56-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2014.10.003 .

• Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Ed. Tec and Doc. 1997. p. 487
• El SN, Karakaya S. Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Rev. 2009 Nov;67(11):632-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00248.x. PMID 19906250
• Rovellini P, Cortesi N, Fedeli E. Analysis of flavonoids from Olea Europaea by HPLC-UV and HPLC-electrospray-MS. Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse, 1997, vol. 74, no.7, pp. 273-279
• Ficarra P, Ficarra R, de Pasquale A, Monforte MT, Calabrò ML. HPLC analysis of oleuropein and some flavonoids in leaf and bud of Olea europaea L. Farmaco. 1991 Jun;46(6):803-15. PMID 1772565
• Fernando J. Reyes, Josep J. Centelles, José A. Lupiáñez, Marta Cascante. (2α,3β)-2,3-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, a new natural triterpene from Olea europea, induces caspase dependent apoptosis selectively in colon adenocarcinoma cells. FEBS letters, Volume 580, Issue 27, 27 November 2006, Pages 6302–6310

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Do not exceed the daily dose.

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