Valerian root, derived from the Valeriana officinalis plant, has been traditionally used for its sedative properties. 

It has a long history of use dating back to ancient Greece and Rome, where it was employed to treat insomnia and other sleep-related disorders. 

Valerian is often referred to as "nature's Valium" due to its calming effects, which are believed to stem from its interaction with the brain's GABA receptors, promoting relaxation and improved sleep quality. 

In addition to aiding sleep, valerian has been used to alleviate anxiety, stress, and restlessness. 

It is available in various forms, including tisanes (herbal teas) and capsules, making it a popular choice for those seeking natural remedies for sleep and anxiety issues 

Here are seven renowned sources that provide information about the traditional uses of valerian root:

1. WebMD: This source provides an overview of valerian's use as a sedative, particularly for sleep disorders like insomnia, and its historical use dating back to ancient Greek and Roman times .
2. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements: This fact sheet offers detailed information on valerian's use for insomnia and other sleep disorders, its historical applications, and the inconclusive evidence from clinical studies .
3. Traditional Medicinals: This site discusses the benefits of valerian as a gentle herbal sedative since the 1700s and its use in various preparations .
4. Mount Sinai: This source outlines valerian's historical and modern use for easing insomnia, anxiety, and nervous restlessness, and provides information on available forms and precautions .
5. Health.com: This article covers valerian root's benefits, uses, side effects, and more, highlighting its popularity as a remedy for insomnia and anxiety .
6. Medical News Today: This article discusses valerian tea, its uses, safety, precautions, and benefits, emphasizing its mild sedative properties and common use as a sleep aid .
7. Healthline: This source explores how valerian root helps with relaxation and sleep, its potential benefits for various conditions, and safety considerations .

These sources provide comprehensive insights into the traditional and contemporary uses of valerian root.

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Valerian

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

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plant name

Valerian, catnip

International Latin denomination

Valeriana officinalis L.

botanical family

ex- Valerianaceae

• Caprifoliaceae according to the APG IV phylogenetic classification

Description and habitat

• Robust herbaceous plant of damp places
• Stems hollow, grooved, sometimes reaching 2 m, much branched at the top
• Basal or cauline leaves, pinnatisect and with toothed lobes
• Umbelliform terminal cymes of white or pink flowers
• Common throughout temperate Europe

History and tradition

• Its name comes from the Latin "valere" = "to be well" (which gave "validity" and "convalescence"), it is present in many traditions (the genus has 200 species)
• Before the advent of synthetic tranquilizers, valerian root was considered the most effective tranquilizer. In Greek Antiquity, Hippocrates and Dioscorides recommended it to treat insomnia. The Romans used it to combat palpitations and arrhythmia. In the Middle Ages, valerian was recommended as a tranquilizer and sleep aid. From the end of the 16th century, Europeans began to use it to treat epilepsy. Native Americans used it in powder form to calm epileptic seizures. During the First World War, the use of valerian developed to treat nervous shock caused by bombardments. Today, it is cultivated in many countries to meet the demand of the pharmaceutical industry [1]
• The smell of the root is identical to that of feline urine, hence its name catnip .
  • The herbal tea has an unpleasant taste, unlike that of another catnip , Catnip Nepeta cataria

Parts used

• Underground part becoming very fragrant by desiccation, with unpleasant smell: rhizome, root and stolons, carefully dried at a temperature below 40° C
  • "dried underground organs, whole or fragmented, of Valeriana officinalis L. sl, comprising the rhizome surrounded by the roots and the stolons"

Dosage forms available

• Underground Part Tincture
• Dry extract
• Fluid extract
• EPS
• Herbal teas
  • Most specialties would be devoid of valepotriates (according to chromatographies)
  • Valepotriates are unstable and would degrade at temperatures above 40°

Usual dosages

• At 100 mg the dry extract is thymoanaleptic and at 400 mg it is soporific
• Indication in nervousness, dosage for an adult: 2 capsules of 270 mg morning and evening
• Maximum dosage: 800 mg of dry extract, corresponding to approximately 4 to 5 g of root powder

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Non-volatile sesquiterpenes ( valerenic acid and isovalerenic acid , hydroxy-valerenic acid and acetoxy-valerenic acid )
• Sesquiterpene ketones ( valeranone ), alcohols ( valerianol , maaliol , kessyl alcohol ) and aldehydes ( valerenal )
• Iridoids (non-volatile constituents): valepotriates (0.5 - 1.2%): valtrate 80%, isovaltrate , acevaltrate , dihydrovaltrate , isovaleroxyhydroxydihydrovaltrate
• Alkaloids  : traces ( valeramine , actinidin )
• Lignanes (8-hydroxypinorésinol)
• GABA (?)
• Flavonoids ( 6-methylapigenin , 2-S-(-)-hesperidin , linarin )
• Essential oil > 0.5%:
  • monoterpenes ( borneol )
  • sesquiterpenes ( beta-caryophyllene , cadinene , etc)
  • esters (acétate de bornyle, isovalérate de bornyle)

Main components of buds or young shoots

Main components of essential oil

• 0.5% in the plant:
  • monoterpenes ( borneol )
  • sesquiterpenes ( beta-caryophyllene , cadinene , etc)
  • esters (acétate de bornyle, isovalérate de bornyle)

Properties

Plant properties

• Sleep aid [2] , improves sleep structure and quality [3]
• Anxiolytic [4] , [5] , by valerenic acid [6] , [7] , [8] , anxiolytic effect accentuated in combination with lemon balm [9] , spasmolytic, sedative, tranquilliser, muscle relaxant and nervous system depressant
  • Inhibits the reuptake and stimulates the release of GABA (inhibitory neuromediator) [10] , [11] , valerenic acid is a ligand for GABA receptors and inhibits GABA-transaminase [12] , inhibits GABA catabolism [13 ] , [14]
  • Sesquiterpenes and valepotriates bind to benzodiazepine receptors
  • Flavonoids such as apigenin , hesperidin , and linarin bind to central receptors
• Valerian extracts show partial agonist activity at the adenosine A receptor (playing a role in neurotransmitter release) [15]
• Valerian exhibits GABAergic effects through various molecular synergies [16] , [17]  :
  • Low concentrations of valerian extracts enhance the binding of benzodiazepines to the GABA-A receptor, and valerenic acid inhibits the enzymatic degradation of GABA [18] , [19]
  • Valerenic acid also interacts with glutamatergic receptors [20]
• Other suspected synergies:
  • Flavonoid agonists of the benzodiazepine receptor promoting the action of valerenic acid
  • Borneol , increasing the sensitivity of GABA receptors to their natural ligand [21]
  • A lignan is an agonist of the A1 adenosine receptor, and hydroxypinoresinol ( lignan ) possesses the ability to bind to benzodiazepine receptors [22] , it is moreover strongly neuroprotective [23] , [24]
  • Synergy of flavonoids between them ( 6-Methylapigenin , hesperidin ) [25]
• Decreases induced stress by decreasing the level of monoaminergic neurotransmitters [26]
• Agonist of 5-HT5a receptors, role in the serotonergic regulation of the circadian cycle [27] , increases the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and causes proliferation of hippocampal cells in depressed rats [28]
• Sedative, anticonvulsant [29] , antiepileptic in animal models [30]
• Aqueous root extracts contain appreciable amounts of GABA which could directly cause sedation, but there is some controversy surrounding the bioavailability of this compound.
• Valepotriates , antidepressants , are found very little in galenic preparations, but the degradation products ( baldrinals and other derivatives) are active
• Valeranone is hypotensive at 5 mg/kg
• Valerian overdose can lead to asthenia, hypotension, heavy-headedness, mydriasis, and abdominal pain.
• Actinidin is an attractor for cats (found in Nepeta cataria )
• It 's isovalerenic acid that "smells like feet"

Bud properties

Properties of essential oil

Indications

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Excitement, insomnia, palpitations of nervous origin
• Neurotonic states and neuro-vegetative dystonias in adults and children, alpha sympathetic hyperfunction of prolonged stress
• Insufficient pituitary-adrenal response
• Sleep disorders, especially sleep onset insomnia, associated with extracts of hops [31] , even after a single administration [32] , and lemon balm
• Valerian improves sleep quality in postmenopausal women with insomnia [33]
  • A literature review of studies published between 1950 and 2009 showed that the use of valerian, alone or in combination with hops , is associated with an improvement in certain sleep parameters, but the authors call for further trials. randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled [34]
• Anxiolytic and slightly anti-depressive, anxious ruminations, chronic exposure to stress, postural stress contractures (patient who loses footing), prevents memory loss in depressed patients
• Adjuvant in smoking cessation and in epilepsy (petit mal des enfants)
• Homeopathic indications: [35]
  • hysterical neuropathy, hyperesthesia, emotional exasperation, mood swings, decreased pain threshold, spasms, myoclonus, cramps, spasmophilia

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

Known or suspected mode of action

• Inhibits the reuptake and stimulates the release of GABA ( valerenic acid would inhibit GABA-transaminase)
• Sesquiterpenes and valepotriates bind to benzodiazepine receptors, valepotriates are anxiolytics and antidepressants but are degraded by gastric juice, however their degradation products ( baldrinals ) are active
  • Valepotriates are unstable and break down into baldrinals and their derivatives, valerianic acid and isovalerianic acid
• Sympatholytic alpha

Usual formulations

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (underground part)

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• A review of the literature concludes that there is no element allowing to question the safety, even in cancer patients [36].
• Interactions with cytochromes P450 [37] , [38]
• Possible interactions with benzodiazepines [39]
• Rare cases of hepatotoxicity (?) Following administration of a herbal mixture containing valerian , three cases of hepatotoxicity have also been reported where hepatomegaly associated with acute hepatitis with centrilobular necrosis has been observed . The damage regressed, and liver function tests returned to normal three months after stopping treatment
• Avoid children and pregnant women
• Toxicity of valepotriates at 400 mg/kg

Bibliographic references

1. Go↑ Valerian officinalis (Valeriana officinalis) Guide to production under organic management. Sector of organic medicinal plants in Quebec, 2009 [1]
2. Go↑ Fernández-San-Martín MI, Masa-Font R, Palacios-Soler L, Sancho-Gómez P, Calbó-Caldentey C, Flores-Mateo G. Effectiveness of Valerian on insomnia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Sleep Med. 2010 Jun; 11 (6): 505-11. PMID 20347389
3. Go↑ Donath F, Quispe S, Diefenbach K, Maurer A, Fietze I, Roots I. Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000 Mar;33(2):47-53. PMID 10761819
4. Go↑ Marder M, Viola H, Wasowski C, Fernández S, Medina JH, Paladini AC. 6-methylapigenin and hesperidin: new valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 Jun;75(3):537-45. PMID 12895671
5. Go↑ Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BGO. Valerian for anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004515. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004515.pub2. texte intégral Revue Cochrane
6. Go↑ Becker A, Felgentreff F, Schröder H, Meier B, Brattström A. The anxiolytic effects of a Valerian extract is based on valerenic acid. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Jul 28;14:267. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-267. PMID 25066015 texte intégral
7. Go↑ Murphy K, Kubin ZJ, Shepherd JN, Ettinger RH. Valeriana officinalis root extracts have potent anxiolytic effects in laboratory rats. Phytomedicine. 2010 Jul;17(8-9):674-8. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.020. PMID 20042323
8. Go↑ Felgentreff F, Becker A, Meier B, Brattström A. Valerian extract characterized by high valerenic acid and low acetoxy valerenic acid contents demonstrates anxiolytic activity. Phytomedicine. 2012 Oct 15;19(13):1216-22. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.08.003. PMID 22944521
9. Go↑ Kennedy DO, Little W, Haskell CF, Scholey AB. Anxiolytic effects of a combination of Melissa officinalis and Valeriana officinalis during laboratory induced stress. Phytother Res. 2006 Feb;20(2):96-102. PMID 16444660
10. Go↑ Ortiz JG, Nieves-Natal J, Chavez P. Effects of Valeriana officinalis extracts on [3H]flunitrazepam binding, synaptosomal [3H]GABA uptake, and hippocampal [3H]GABA release. Neurochem Res. 1999 Nov;24(11):1373-8. PMID 10555777
11. Go↑ Yuan CS, Mehendale S, Xiao Y, Aung HH, Xie JT, Ang-Lee MK. The gamma-aminobutyric acidergic effects of valerian and valerenic acid on rat brainstem neuronal activity. Anesth Analg. 2004 Feb;98(2):353-8, table of contents. PMID 14742369
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14. Go↑ Khom S, Baburin I, Timin E, Hohaus A, Trauner G, Kopp B, Hering S. Valerenic acid potentiates and inhibits GABA(A) receptors: molecular mechanism and subunit specificity. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Jul;53(1):178-87. PMID 17585957
15. Go↑ Müller CE, Schumacher B, Brattström A, Abourashed EA, Koetter U. Interactions of valerian extracts and a fixed valerian-hop extract combination with adenosine receptors. Life Sci. 2002 Sep 6;71(16):1939-49. PMID 12175708
16. Go↑ Caesar, L. K., & Cech, N. B. (2019). Synergy and antagonism in natural product extracts: when 1 + 1 does not equal 2. Natural product reports, 36(6), 869–888. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9np00011a PMID 31187844
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18. Go↑ Santos, MS, Ferreira, F., Cunha, AP, Carvalho, AP, & Macedo, T. (1994). An aqueous extract of valerian influences the transport of GABA in synaptosomes. Medical Plant, 60 (3), 278–279. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-959476 PMID 8073095
19. Go↑ Santos, M. S., Ferreira, F., Cunha, A. P., Carvalho, A. P., Ribeiro, C. F., & Macedo, T. (1994). Synaptosomal GABA release as influenced by valerian root extract--involvement of the GABA carrier. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 327(2), 220–231. PMID 7979830
20. Go↑ Del Valle-Mojica LM, Ayala-Marín YM, Ortiz-Sanchez CM, Torres-Hernández BA, Abdalla-Mukhaimer S, Ortiz JG. Selective Interactions of Valeriana officinalis Extracts and Valerenic Acid with [H]Glutamate Binding to Rat Synaptic Membranes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:403591. doi: 10.1155/2011/403591. PMID 21584239
21. Go↑ Granger Renee E., Campbell Erica L., Johnston Graham A.R. (+)- And (−)-borneol: efficacious positive modulators of GABA action at human recombinant α1β2γ2L GABAA receptors. Biochemical Pharmacology Vol 69, Issue 7, 2005, pp 1101-1111 [2]
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25. Go↑ Marder M, Viola H, Wasowski C, Fernández S, Medina JH, Paladini AC. 6-methylapigenin and hesperidin: new valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 Jun;75(3):537-45. PMID 12895671
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Store in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep tightly closed, away from the reach of Children and pets.

Do not exceed the daily dose.

This product is not intended to prevent or cure any form of illness or disease.
 

If you are pregnant or nursing ; If you have a medical condition or are in the course of medical treatment ; If you are programmed for theater/operation in the near future, please consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product.

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