May help with

• antimicrobial - antioxidant - antidiabetic
• immunostimulant
• hepatoprotective - liver protection
• high blood pressure
• cholesterol lowering
• expectorant

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Garlic

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

Translation in English by Google Translate  (go to the page of the source linked | on Chrome cellphones go on the 3 dots on the top right and select translate in your preferred language | on laptop right click your mouse and select option translate when hoovering on the page

plant name

Garlic, garlic (English)

International Latin denomination

Allium sativum L.

botanical family

Liliaceae ( Alliaceae ), now classified in the family Amaryllidaceae (AGP III)

Description and habitat

• Native to Central Asia
• Naturalized in southern Europe and cultivated in all temperate regions
• Perennial by its bulb formed of cloves (“pods”)
• 50 cm high maximum
• White or pink flowers in umbels enclosed before flowering in a membranous spathe with a very long tip (sterile in our regions)
• Elongated and flat leaves

History and tradition

• Arguably the oldest cultivated medicinal plant
• Formerly used in the prevention of the plague and cholera, Galen baptizes it the " Theriac of the peasants " .
• In China, in a region specializing in the cultivation of widely consumed garlic, the number of centenarians would be greater
• The Egyptians raised him to the rank of divinity; Pharaoh Cheops had a daily ration distributed to the workers building the Great Pyramid to give them strength and protect them from epidemics

Parts used

• Fresh or dried garlic bulb
• Essential oil

Dosage forms available

• Fresh or dried garlic bulb powder (especially aged garlic)
• mist
• Bulb tincture
• Essential oil

Usual dosages

• 1 gram per day of dehydrated garlic to lower cholesterol levels

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Sugars, polysaccharides  : fructans (up to 75% of dry weight), inulin , proteins, lipids
• Sulfur compounds: alliin when tissues are cut or ground, breaks down into ajoenes  : diallyl sulfide = diallyl sulfide ( DAS ), diallyl disulfide = diallyl disulfide ( DADS ) and diallyl trisulfide = diallyl trisulfide ( DATS )
  • They arise from the air oxidation of alliicin , itself derived from the enzymatic degradation of alliin by alliinase
  • S-allylmercaptocysteine ​​( = S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine ) is present in aged garlic (stable molecule)
• Phenolics and flavonoids
• Rich in germanium and selenium

Main components of buds or young shoots

Main components of essential oil

• Composés soufrés : diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS 60 %) et diallyl trisulfide (DATS 20 %)

Properties

Plant properties

• Multiple activities: antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, immunostimulant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antifibrinolytic and antiplatelet activity, prevention of cardiovascular diseases [1]
• Anti-hypertensive [2] (action evaluated at 1 point less, both systolic and diastolic)
  • A meta-analysis of 20 trials with 970 participants (2016), showed a systolic blood pressure decrease of 5.1 ± 2.2 mm Hg and a diastolic decrease of 2.5 ± 1.6 mm Hg ( P<0.002) compared to placebo [3]
  • Efficacy on systolic and diastolic comparable to that of atenolol [4]
  • Antihypertensive effect by three modes of action: vasodilator of peripheral vessels, diuretic, inhibitor of angiotensin-I converting enzyme [5]
• The extract is cholesterol-lowering [6] , [7] , [8] , by decreasing hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis [9] , [10] , increases HDL, fibrinolytic effect [11] , whereas garlic powder dried in tablets, standardized to 1.3% allicin at a dose of 300 mg three times a day, was not effective [12] , [13]
  • A meta-analysis including 39 studies suggests that garlic, when used for more than 2 months, is effective in reducing total cholesterol by 17 ± 6 mg/dL and low density lipoprotein cholesterol by 9 ± 6 mg/dL, in people with high total cholesterol (>200 mg/dL), with excellent tolerance, and should be used before conventional medication, in patients with low cholesterol [14]
• Anti-atheromatous by complex action (on lipoproteins, LDL, macrophages) [15] , aged garlic extract inhibits the progression of coronary calcifications in patients receiving statins [16] , antithrombotic
• Raw garlic supplementation shows protective effects on the aorta and liver of rats on a cholesterol-lowering diet [17]
• Inhibitor of platelet aggregation [18] (by lipoxygenase inhibitor ajoenes ), fibrinolytic (anti-thrombotic mechanism of action of ajoenes  : penetrate the platelet membrane, and reduce the viscosity of the inner part of the lipid bilayer, interfere with the expression of the fibrinogen receptor, inhibit the formation of thromboxane A2)
• Hepatoprotective, inhibits acetaminophen-induced toxicity [19]
• Hypoglycemic (the activity of alliicin would be comparable to that of tolbutamide), antidiabetic [20]
• Opposes protein glycation (possible role in preventing diabetes-related complications) [21]
• Nephroprotective [22]
• Neuroprotective [23] , protection against beta-myloid protein neurotoxicity and Alzheimer's disease [24]
• Increases epididymis weight and sperm count, without exerting estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effect [25]
• Antiarthritic [26] , antioxidant, free radical scavenger
• Antimicrobial: proven bactericidal and fungicidal properties, intestinal antiputrid, vermifuge (anthelmintic), inhibits the bacterial biofilm of Campylobacter jejuni [27]
  • Antifungal when mixed with chicken feed ( Candida albicans , Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus parasiticus ) [28] , ( cryptococcosis ) [29]
• Immunomodulatory effects, increases the activity of macrophages, natural killer cells and the production of T and B cells, significantly reduces the number, duration and severity of upper respiratory tract infections [30]
• Preventive of cancer promotion ( diallyl disulfide protects mice against cancer of the skin, liver, digestive tract, cervix, radioprotective), antimutagenic properties by stimulation of detoxification enzymes [31] , cancer growth inhibitor by action on polyamines [32]
• Protective effect against various cancers, stomach, colorectal, esophagus, colon, breast, lung, the organosulfur compounds of garlic ( S-allylmercaptocysteine ​​and others) modulate the activity of various enzymes that activate cytochromes, detoxify carcinogens (glutathione S-transferases) and inhibit the formation of DNA adducts [33]
  • Protection against chemo-induced cancers, increased detoxification of carcinogens by induction of phase II enzymes [glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), quinone reductase and epoxide hydrolase], induction of apoptosis [34]
  • Preventive of bladder cancer [35] , leukemia, breast and prostate cancer ( S-allylmercaptocysteine ) [36] induction of apoptosis in stomach cancer [37] , antiproliferative in cancer of the colon ( S-allylmercaptocysteine ) [38] , antimutagenic, tumor growth inhibition [39]
  • Prevention against intoxication by heavy metals and solvents, increases detoxification of carcinogens by inducing phase II enzymes (glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), quinone reductase and epoxide hydrolase), induces apoptosis, stimulates the synthesis glutathione
  • Heating would inhibit these properties, the galenic preparation plays a role [40] , cancer chemoprevention agent especially by the organosulfur compounds of aged garlic, S-allylcysteine ​​and S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine ​​[41]
• Immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory [42] , [43]

Bud properties

Properties of essential oil

• Presented as an anti-infectious, anti-putrid, anti-parasitic
• Antiplatelet agent, fibrinolytic [44]
• Thyreostimulating (?)
• On the other hand, the properties on hypercholesterolemia of garlic essential oil are not validated .
• Molecular docking studies show that organosulfur compounds in garlic (especially diallyl sulfide and triallyl sulfide ) possess SARS-CoV-2 anticoronavirus activity [45]
• Repellent against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes ( diallyl trisulfide and diallyl tetrasulfide ) [46]

Indications

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• High blood pressure [47]
• Diabetes
• Claudication ceases
• Cerebral sclerosis
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Hyperthyroidism [48]
• Prevention of thrombosis and arteriosclerosis
• Prevention of cancer promotion, preventive against certain forms of cancer [49] , prevention of colorectal adenomas [50]
  • For this indication, avoid heating [51]

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

• verminoses
• High blood pressure
• Vascular risk and metabolic syndrome
• Gastritis and ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori but caustic

Known or suspected mode of action

• The intact clove has little odor, but when it is cut or crushed, the alliin is transformed into alliicin under the action of an enzyme, alliinase, present in the cellular vacuoles of the garlic. Alliicin , odorous and very unstable, gives rise to a whole series of compounds including diallyl sulfide , diallyl disulfide , diallyl trisulfide , ajoene , dithiins
• Alliin (along with another compound, S-allylcysteine ) is itself derived from gamma-glutamyl-cysteine ​​(0.9% of clove weight), in cold-stored aged garlic, occurs another molecule, S-allylmercaptocysteine ​​(= S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine )
• All these compounds are highly variable depending on temperature, storage conditions, etc.
• The galenic forms are therefore also very variable in their activity.

Usual formulations

Regulations

• French Pharmacopoeia list A (bulb)

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• Poor gastric tolerance in high doses
• Alliaceous smell of breath and perspiration
• Caution in case of hypothyroidism ( HE )
• Dermocaustic essential oil for external use
• Pharmacokinetic interactions:
  • No significant effect on the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, but significant decrease in the activity of CYP2E1 [52] acting on alcohol metabolism
  • Garlic is classified as a non-inhibitor of CYP3A4 [53]
  • CYP 2C9 inhibitor [54]
  • Interactions with drugs used against HIV (saquinavir, ritonavir) [55] , [56]
• Pharmacodynamic interactions:
  • Theoretical risk of variation in the effect of certain antidiabetic drugs (additive effect)
  • Interactions with Aspirin, oral anticoagulants [57] , warfarin [58] and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (risk of bleeding) [59]
    • Discontinue consumption of garlic supplements at least 7 days before surgery [60] , [61]

Bibliographic references

1. Go↑ Santhosha S.G., Jamuna Prakash, Prabhavathi S.N. Bioactive components of garlic and their physiological role in health maintenance: A review. Food Bioscience, Volume 3, September 2013, Pages 59-74 [1]
2. Go↑ McMahon FG, Vargas R. Can garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study. Pharmacotherapy. 1993 Jul-Aug;13(4):406-7. PMID 8361870
3. Go↑ Ried K. Garlic Lowers Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals, Regulates Serum Cholesterol, and Stimulates Immunity: An Updated Meta-analysis and Review. J Nutr. 2016 Feb;146(2):389S-396S. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.202192. PMID 26764326
4. Go↑ Ashraf R, Khan RA, Ashraf I, Qureshi AA. Effects of Allium sativum (garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2013 Sep;26(5):859-63. PMID 24035939
5. Go↑ Sendl A, Elbl G, Steinke B, Redl K, Breu W, Wagner H. Comparative pharmacological investigations of Allium ursinum and Allium sativum. Planta Med. 1992 Feb;58(1):1-7. PMID 1620734
6. Go↑ Stevinson C, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Sep 19;133(6):420-9. PMID 10975959 texte intégral [2]
7. Go↑ Sendl A, Schliack M, Löser R, Stanislaus F, Wagner H. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in vitro by extracts and isolated compounds prepared from garlic and wild garlic. Atherosclerosis. 1992 May;94(1):79-85. PMID 1632861
8. Go↑ Harenberg J, Giese C, Zimmermann R. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis. 1988 Dec;74(3):247-9. PMID 3240334
9. Go↑ Mathew B, Daniel R, Augusti K. Hypolipidemic effect of garlic protein substituted for casein in diet of rats compared to those of garlic oil. Indian J Exp Biol. 1996. 34: 337-340. PMID 8698422
10. Go↑ Yeh YY, Liu L. Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):989S-93S. PMID 11238803
11. Go↑ Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on blood lipids, blood sugar, fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Apr;58(4):257-63. PMID 9654398
12. Go↑ Neil HA, Silagy CA, Lancaster T, Hodgeman J, Vos K, Moore JW, Jones L, Cahill J, Fowler GH. Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: a controlled trial and meta-analysis. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1996 Jul-Aug;30(4):329-34. PMID 8875379
13. Go↑ Superko HR, Krauss RM. Garlic powder, effect on plasma lipids, postprandial lipemia, low-density lipoprotein particle size, high-density lipoprotein subclass distribution and lipoprotein(a). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Feb;35(2):321-6. PMID 10676676
14. Go↑ Ried K, Toben C, Fakler P. Effect of garlic on serum lipids: an updated meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2013 May;71(5):282-99. doi: 10.1111/nure.12012. PMID 23590705
15. Go↑ Gonen A, Harats D, Rabinkov A, Miron T, Mirelman D, Wilchek M, Weiner L, Ulman E, Levkovitz H, Ben-Shushan D, Shaish A. The antiatherogenic effect of allicin: possible mode of action. Pathobiology. 2005;72(6):325-34. PMID 16582584
16. Go↑ Budoff MJ, Takasu J, Flores FR, Niihara Y, Lu B, Lau BH, Rosen RT, Amagase H. Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study. Prev Med. 2004 Nov;39(5):985-91. PMID 15475033
17. Go↑ Gorinstein S, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Najman K, Bielecki W, Ham KS, Kang SG, Paredes-Lopez O, Martinez-Ayala AL, Trakhtenberg S. Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Jul 13;59(13):7441-51. doi: 10.1021/jf201524h. PMID 21615122
18. Go↑ Ariga T, Oshiba S, Tamada T. Platelet aggregation inhibitor in garlic. Lancet. 1981 Jan 17;1(8212):150-1. PMID 6109819
19. Go↑ Christian Chinyere Ezeala, Ifeoma Nneka Nweke, Prince C. Unekwe, Ibrahim Ahmed El-Safty, Emenike Jacob Nwaegerue. Fresh Garlic Extract Protects The Liver Against Acetaminophen-Induced Toxicity. The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness ISSN: 1937-8297 [3]
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24. Go↑ Jeong JH, Jeong HR, Jo YN, Kim HJ, Shin JH, Heo HJ. Ameliorating effects of aged garlic extracts against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013, 13:268 (18 October 2013) Abstract [4]
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28. Go↑ Prasad V. D. Sharma. Antifungal Property of Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) in Poultry Feed Substrate. Poultry Science, Volume 60, Issue 3, 1 March 1981, Pages 541–545, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0600541
29. Go↑ K. Khan Zafar & Katiyar Ratna. (2000). Potent Antifungal Activity of Garlic (Allium Sativum) Against Experimental Murine Dissemenated Cryptococcosis. Pharmaceutical Biology. 38. 87-100. 10.1076/1388-0209%28200004%293821-1FT087.
30. Go↑ Ried K. Garlic Lowers Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals, Regulates Serum Cholesterol, and Stimulates Immunity: An Updated Meta-analysis and Review. J Nutr. 2016 Feb;146(2):389S-396S. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.202192. PMID 26764326
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38. Go↑ Shirin H, Pinto JT, Kawabata Y, Soh JW, Delohery T, Moss SF, Murty V, Rivlin RS, Holt PR, Weinstein IB. Antiproliferative effects of S-allylmercaptocysteine on colon cancer cells when tested alone or in combination with sulindac sulfide. Cancer Res. 2001 Jan 15;61(2):725-31. PMID 11212275
39. Go↑ Thomson M, Ali M. Garlic [Allium sativum]: a review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2003 Feb;3(1):67-81. PMID 12570662.
40. Go↑ Salomeia Putnoky, Angela Caunii, Monica Butnariu. Study on the stability and antioxidant effect of the Allium ursinum watery extract. Chem Cent J. 2013; 7: 21. texte intégral
41. Go↑ Thomson M, Ali M. Garlic [Allium sativum]: a review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2003 Feb;3(1):67-81. PMID 12570662
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50. Go↑ Tanaka, S., Haruma, K., Kunihiro, M., Nagata, S., Kitadai, Y., Manabe, N., Sumii, M., Yoshihara, M., Kajiyama, G., & Chayama, K. (2004). Effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) on colorectal adenomas: a double-blinded study. Hiroshima journal of medical sciences, 53(3-4), 39–45. PMID 15726891
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Store in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep tightly closed, away from the reach of Children and pets.

Do not exceed the daily dose.

This product is not intended to prevent or cure any form of illness or disease.
 

If you are pregnant or nursing ; If you have a medical condition or are in the course of medical treatment ; If you are programmed for theater/operation in the near future, please consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product.

This product cannot replace a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.

This product has not been evaluated by the SAHPRA for its quality, safety or intended use.