Astragalus, also known as Astragalus membranaceus or Huang Qi, is a perennial plant native to China, Mongolia, and Korea. It has been used for thousands of years in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and other traditional medicine systems for its various health-promoting properties. 

Some of the key benefits, properties, and traditional uses of astragalus include:

1. Immune system support: Astragalus is known for its immunomodulatory effects, helping to strengthen the immune system and protect the body against infections. It is believed to increase the production of white blood cells and stimulate the body's natural defense mechanisms.
2. Anti-inflammatory properties: Astragalus contains compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, which may help reduce inflammation in the body. This makes it potentially beneficial for those with inflammatory conditions such as arthritis or asthma.
3. Adaptogenic properties: Astragalus is considered an adaptogen, meaning it may help the body cope with various types of stress, both physical and mental. It can help improve energy levels and increase resistance to fatigue.
4. Cardiovascular health: Astragalus has been used traditionally to support heart health by improving blood flow, reducing cholesterol levels, and preventing the formation of blood clots. It may also help protect the heart from oxidative damage.
5. Kidney health: In TCM, astragalus has been used to support kidney function and prevent kidney-related issues such as urinary tract infections and chronic kidney disease.
6. Respiratory health: Astragalus is traditionally used for respiratory conditions like chronic bronchitis, asthma, and other lung-related issues. It is believed to help improve lung function and reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract.
7. Antioxidant properties: The compounds in astragalus have strong antioxidant properties, which can help protect the body from oxidative stress and free radical damage. This may reduce the risk of chronic diseases and promote overall health.
8. Wound healing: Traditionally, astragalus has been used topically to promote wound healing and reduce inflammation at the site of injury.
9. Anti-aging properties: Some research suggests that astragalus may help slow down the aging process by reducing the damage caused by free radicals and promoting cellular health.
10. Blood sugar regulation: Astragalus has been used traditionally to help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity, making it potentially beneficial for those with diabetes or metabolic syndrome.

Source : http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Astragalus

Reference on http://www.wikiphyto.org

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plant name

Astragale, Huang qi ou Huangqi , Hwanggi , Yu (chinois), Radix astragali

International Latin denomination

Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus Bge. Hsiao, Astragalus mongholicus Bge.

botanical family

Fabaceae

Description and habitat

• Perennial plant of shores, estuaries and pine forests in Asia
• Grows spontaneously in China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea where it is also cultivated, as well as in Mongolia and Siberia
  • Astragalus membranaceus and Astragalus membranaceus var. mongolicus can be adulterated by other species less rich in isoflavones and astragalosides [1]
•  

History and tradition

• Widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as a tonic, to prevent weakening of the patient, protect against infections and increase endurance
  • Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. are indicated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia to treat "Qi deficiencies", and current studies show anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral effects [2]
• Traditionally used as a preventive measure, in particular against respiratory infections, nephritis, uterine bleeding, diabetes mellitus, chronic bronchitis, urinary retention, leprosy and sequelae of cerebrovascular accidents [3]
• Also in Kempo (traditional Japanese medicine)

Parts used

• Root taken from a four to seven year old plant

Dosage forms available

• Astragalus membranaceus tincture
• EPS d'astragale
• Powder and dry extract
• Many commercial products

Usual dosages

• Root powder 4g to 7g/day (up to 30g/day [4] ), dry extract (1:8) 250mg, 2 to 3 times/day

Composition

Main components of the plant

• Polysaccharides  : Astragalus polysaccharides ( APS , α- (1 → 4) -D-glucan), named Astragalus polysaccharides A, B, C and D, astragalane , astraglucane AMem-P
• Triterpenic saponosides: astragalosides , named I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X or Astragalus Saponin ( ASP ), isoastragaloside I, II, III, IV, cycloastragenol (aglycone of the astragaloside IV)
• Flavonoids [5] , [6] , [7] , [8]  : calycosin ( calycoside ), formononetin ( isoflavone metabolized to daidzein ), astragalin (3-O b glucoside of kaempferol ), ononin
• Amino acids and GABA
• Lignanes : laricirésinol, syringarésinol
• Sterols  : sitosterol , daucosterol
• Lectines
• Trace elements (iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, calcium, potassium)

Main components of buds or young shoots

Main components of essential oil

Properties

Plant properties

• Adaptogen [9] , improves muscle performance [10] , immunomodulating, anti-tumor, antiviral [11] , anti-diabetic, anti-aging ( polysaccharides , triterpenes , flavonoids ) [12] , [13] , [14]
• Immunostimulant [15] , [16] , astragaloside IV (AG-IV) and cycloastragenol (CAG), have been shown to enhance CD8+ T cell proliferative response [17]
  • Stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production and induces NO synthase (iNOS) production and transcription in macrophages [18] , activates B cells and macrophages, without activating T cells [19] , increases cytotoxicity Natural Killers [20]
  • Immunomodulant, may act in graft versus host disease [21 ]
  • Acts as a catalyst for interferon, which would increase antibody levels in nasal secretions and in the blood, increases the cytotoxicity of interleukin (polysaccharide fraction) [22]
  • Powerful immunorestorative activity in vitro [23] , [24] , [25]
  • Improves immunity in Herpes recurrences by regulating Th1/Th2 balance (decreases IL-4 and IL-10 levels, decreases IL-2 and IFN-gamma) [26]
  • Enhances antibody response to an antigen with increased T-helper cell activity in normal and immunosuppressed mice [27] , [3]
  • The decoction increased the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system [28]
• Immunomodulating effect, could play a favorable role in autoimmune reactions:
  • In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, by decreasing the inflammatory response and demyelination, inhibiting T cell proliferation, and down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [29] , [30] , [31] , may induce remyelination [32]
  • In experimental autoimmune myocarditis, moderates the elevation of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2), increases Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), protecting myocardial cells from functional and morphological cardiac alterations [33]
  • In rheumatoid arthritis, decreased joint inflammation and serum TNF-α and IL1-β concentrations [34]
• Antitumor activity [35] , inducer of apoptosis in colon cancer [36] , [37] and hepatocarcinoma [38] , [39]
  • Improves the tolerance of anti-cancer drugs, in intravenous injection in conjunction with conventional treatment [40]
  • Preventive of anticancer drug resistance by action on P-glycoprotein (H22 hepatoma cell lines resistant to Adriamycin) [41]
  • Anti-inflammatory, protection against gastrointestinal cancers [42]
  • Protect bone marrow cells
• Antidiabetic potential [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , inhibition of alpha-glucosidase [47]
• Anti-inflammatory, anti-atheroclerotic by action on adhesion molecules [48]
• Induction of growth hormone [49]
• Anti-aging by activating telomerase:
  • Telomerase is a transcriptase enzyme that extends the main strand of DNA by adding TTAGGG base repeats to the end of the telomere. The maintenance of telomere length by telomerase has been shown to be strongly correlated with the lifespan of normal cells and the immortality of cancer cells. Aging of most somatic cells is accompanied by a decline in telomerase activity until it is undetectable, and leads to telomere shortening with each cell division [50].
  • An extract from the root of Astragalus membranaceus rich in astragaloside IV and cycloastragenol (TA-65) activates telomerase activity and increases the average length of telomeres [51] , [52] , [53] , reduces the percentage of telomeres too short and DNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts with haploinsufficiency [54] , [55] cycloastragenol activates telomerase in neuronal cells [56]
  • Two isomers found in the root of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (HDTIC-1 and HDTIC-2) slow the rate of telomere shortening by attenuating oxidative stress [57] and delay replicative senescence of human fetal lung fibroblasts by inhibiting the expression of the protein p16 involved in triggering senescence [58]
  • Astragaloside IV is converted by deglycosylation in the gastrointestinal tract to cycloastragenol , its aglycone
  • The ingestion of TA-65 based on cycloastragenol by elderly subjects for one year, in discontinuous courses, led to an increase in the length of telomeres in leukocytes (double-blind study against placebo) [59].
  • In vivo, a decrease in the percentage of senescent cytotoxic T cells is observed with a significant reduction in the percentage of short telomeres [60].
• Antioxidant ( astragalosides , flavonoids , polysaccharides ), heart, brain, kidney, intestine, liver, lung protection [61] , free radical scavenger (hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide) [62]
• Cardiovascular prevention, improvement of metabolic syndrome markers ( Astragalus polysaccharides ) [63]
• Vascular protector, protects the vascular endothelium [64]
• Kidney Protector [65]
• Neuroprotector of dopaminergic neurons ( astragaloside IV), potentialities in Parkinson's disease [66] , increase in neuronal plasticity [67]
• Protector of the blood-brain barrier during the mechanism of ischemia/reperfusion in rats [68]
• Anticonvulsant (saponoside fraction) [69]
• The active components of Astragalus, such as those of Epimedium and Radix Puerariae reduce cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease, exert a neuroprotective effect by reducing iron overload in the brain, inhibit the accumulation of β-plaques amyloids and may provide a new approach for the development of drugs against Alzheimer's disease [70]
• Anti-allergic [71]
• Anti-asthmatic [72] , [73] , probably by inhibition of Th2 and TGF-β1 cytokines [74]
• Potentialities in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis [75]
• Broad-spectrum antibiotic activity
• Rebalancing of the intestinal flora in aged mice [76]
• The fruit has anti-osteoporotic properties [77]

Bud properties

Properties of essential oil

Indications

Indications of the whole plant (phytotherapy)

• Recurrent infections
• Prevention of respiratory infections, prevention and treatment of colds
  • Oral or pernasal administration of an aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus to 1,000 human subjects decreased the incidence of the common cold and shortened its course, by significantly increasing IgA and IgG levels in nasal secretions [3 ]
• Asthma
• Glomerulonephritis and Ig A nephropathy [78]
• Improved athletic performance
• Lupus (?) [79]
• Cancers (?)
• Cancer of the colon (?) [80] , of the stomach (?) [81] , of the non-small cell lung [82] , association with anti-cancer drugs (?)
• Prevention of aging (?)
• Alzheimer's disease (?)

Indications of the bud (gemmotherapy)

Specific indications of essential oil (aromatherapy)

Known or suspected mode of action

• cycloastragenol is well absorbed by the intestinal epithelium, but its metabolism during its first hepatic passage would limit its oral bioavailability [83] , biliary, faecal, renal elimination, there is an enterohepatic cycle (in rats)

Usual formulations

Regulations

Possible side effects and precautions for use

• Mild gastrointestinal disorders (possible diarrhea)
• Mild allergic reactions ( Fabaceae allergy )
• Possible increase in diuresis
• No adverse effects were observed in mice after oral administration of a dose of up to 100 g/kg [3]
• Astragaloside IV ( AGS-IV) is a potent CYP1A2 inhibitor ( in vitro and in vivo rat studies ) [84]
• Possible interactions with drugs metabolized by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (mainly UGT1A8 or UGT2B7), phase II enzymes responsible for glucurono-conjugation, if the plasma concentration is greater than 0.034 μM for astragaloside IV and 20.98 μM for cycloastragenol [85 ] v
• Not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women
• Avoid in subjects on immunosuppressive therapy and in hematopoietic cancers (due to stimulation of hematopoiesis)

Bibliographic references

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Do not exceed the daily dose.

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